From Tolerance to Respect in Inter-Ethnic Contexts

Abstract

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Conceptualizing Tolerance as Recognition: Black American Endowed and Distinguished Professors of Education in US Colleges and Universities

“…Nonrecognition or misrecognition can inflict harm, can be a form of oppression, imprisoning someone in a false, distorted, and reduced mode of being" (p. 356; also see Wagner, 2011). Schirmer et al (2012) present this explanation about minority groups, and that the word respect received:…”

“…According to Almond (2010), "tolerance is good" (p. 131; also see Henshaw, 2014). Schirmer et al (2012) point out that: "In most political and academic contexts, tolerance is considered as something positive. It is seen as a cornerstone of modern pluralist democracies that is necessary for the maintenance of good relations between people of different ethnicities, cultures and religions…" Schirmer et al (2012) point to a scholar who "…calls ethnic tolerance a democratic principle and mentions it in the same breath as equality…" (pp.…”

“…Saulius (2013) claims that: "The notion of tolerance is used in various contexts; nevertheless, its meaning is short of clearance and distinctness" (p.49). A careful examination of a substantial number of scholarly works on tolerance shows a number of interrelated key words or terms utilized to define or explain this concept: grace; diversity; equality; freedom; acceptance; endurance; negative; positive; forbearance; civil liberties; empathy; autonomy; accomplishments; democracy; belonging; citizenship; open-mindedness; and reconciliation (Almond, 2010;Von Bergen et al, 2012;Furedi, 2012;Henshaw, 2014;Lee, 2010;Moore and Walker, 2011;Nieto, 1994;Saulius, 2013;Schirmer et al, 2012;Yovel, 1998). Examining tolerance from the perspective of grace, Yovel (1998) writes that: "Tolerance in the past (even in such Enlightenment writers as Locke, Voltaire, and Mendelssohn) had a patronizing character: it was seen not as a justified claim, a right based on some universal principle, but essentially as an act of grace" (p. 897; also see Nieto, 1994).…”

Transformation From Representational Space To Tolerance Space: The Juxtaposition Of Ideal And Real In The Urban Public Area

“…A literature overview shows that several studies consider tolerance an important urban concept. These studies have settled arguments in a multiplicity of understandings, including the relationship between migration and tolerance (Wilson, 1991), misleading semantic and social signals of concept of tolerance within multiculturalism (Schirmer et al, 2012), lived diversity in urban space and tolerant attitudes (Wessel, 2009), function and foundations of urban tolerance (Bannister and Kearns, 2013). Institutional research projects and programs (for example, the EU-funded "Towards a Topography of Tolerance and Equal Respect" (2011) and the multidisciplinary Norwegian research initiative and symposia titled "Tolerance and the City" (2010)) focus on conflict and intolerance as general and fundamental problems of cities -and not only cities in developed countries but also in recently developed and developing ones, which unavoidably experience socioeconomic differences among citizens.…”

The Possibilities of Tolerance: Intercultural Dialogue in a Multicultural Europe

“…Such demands for alternative projects are, of course, nothing new (Brown, 2006;Schirmer et al, 2012). Recent years have seen a substantial volume of work critique, and in some cases even denounce, tolerance as a desirable way of responding to difference.…”