From Wuhan to COVID-19 Pandemic: An Up-to-Date Review of Its Pathogenesis, Potential Therapeutics, and Recent Advances

Abstract

The emergence of a novel human coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) causing severe contagious respiratory tract infections presents a serious threat to public health worldwide. To date, there are no specific antiviral agents available for this disease, currently known as COVID-19. Therefore, genomic sequencing and therapeutic clinical trials are being conducted to develop effective antiviral agents. Several reports have investigated FDA-approved drugs as well as in silico virtual screening approaches such as molecular docking and modeling to find novel antiviral agents. Until now, antiparasitic drugs such as chloroquine have shown the most relevant results. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to understand the pathogenesis of this novel coronavirus, its transmission routes, surface survival and evolution in the environment. So far, the scientific community has indicated a possible transmission of COVID-19 via blood transfusion which is challenging in the case of asymptomatic individuals. Protocols for pathogen inactivation are also needed. In this paper, we reviewed recent findings about this life-threatening pandemic.

Extracellular Vesicles: Roles in Human Viral Infections, Immune-Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Applications

“…Coronaviruses encompass a large group of pleomorphic [ 19 ] zoonotic enveloped viruses, containing large non-segmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genomes. They have previously been identified as the causal agents of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) [ 90 ]. Recently, a novel coronavirus termed SARS-CoV-2 that causes a severe acute respiratory condition known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been reported to have emerged in Wuhan city of Hubei province of China in late 2019.…”

“…This therapy thus increases the chance of preventing downregulation and inhibition of ACE2 activity. In addition, small EVs have been used to alleviate hyper inflammation in severe SARS-CoV-2 patients [ 90 , 91 , 95 , 96 , 97 ]. It has further been shown that SARS-CoV-2-infected mesenchymal cells produce ACE2+ EVs.…”

Resources and computational strategies to advance small molecule SARS-CoV-2 discovery: Lessons from the pandemic and preparing for future health crises

“…The drugs could be small chemical compounds and (stapled) peptides [21] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , therapeutic proteins including antibodies or nanobodies [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , vaccines [46] , [47] and cells [48] , [49] , [50] . These drugs could interfere with the functioning of viral macromolecules and/or with the host proteins and/or complex not fully understood molecular mechanisms and pathways (e.g., many cationic amphiphilic drugs act on specific targets but also on endocytosis [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] .…”

IoT-based analysis for controlling & spreading prediction of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia

“…The factors included age, sex, smoking history, body temperature, underlying comorbidities, day-to-day life behavior, and patient symptoms. Bioactivity data sets from numerous high-performance screen providing valuable means for classifiers for machine learning as they provide both binary (active/inactive) and numerical information to identify various compounds being considered (Zeouk et al 2020 ).Today, IoT devices play an important role in the effective analysis of cases COVID-19. The study includes wearable devices, human interpretation and web servers, statistic analysis, data management and therapeutic therapy for IoT influences.…”