Frontiers and the State in Early Islamic History: Jihād Between Caliphs and Volunteers

Abstract

Jihād and warfare aimed at expanding the political authority of the Muslim caliphate was the primary occupation of the caliphate in its first century. As the state lost focus on the expansion of its frontiers and the proper conduct of jihād, non‐state actors, particularly religious authorities, stepped in to claim authority over frontier warfare. Recent scholarship of the last few decades on the impact of this transference of authority exhibits a trend in the study of early Islamic history of viewing the frontiers as important instigators for major developments that shaped the center of the Islamic world. This article examines recent scholarship on the history of jihād as practiced on the frontiers of the Islamic world and the use of frontier warfare and the proper conduct of jihād as a legitimizing factor for the caliphate and provincial rulers.

Jihad in a World of Sovereigns: Law, Violence, and Islam in the Bosnia Crisis

“… 14 Ambiguities and tensions over the respective roles of rulers and scholars in authorizing jihad have a long history that predates the modern state system (Tor 2005; Haug 2011; Syed 2013, 152–53). …”