Frost heaving of Picea abies seedlings as influenced by soil preparation, planting technique, and location along gap-shelterwood gradients

Chantal, Michelle de; Rita, Hannu; Bergsten, Urban; Löfvenius, Mikaell Ottosson; Grip, Harald

doi:10.14214/sf.214

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Frost heaving in plantations can kill bareroot and container-grown pine seedlings [207,208]. One way to reduce mortality caused by frost heaving is to make a deeper hole and place the root collar 10 to 15 cm below ground and cover the roots with more soil [122,209]. Planting the root-collar of pine only 5 cm below the ground will likely have a minimal effect on frost heave [210].…”

Section: Frost Heavingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Healthy Pine Seedlings Die after They Leave the Nursery

South

Starkey²,

Lyons³

2023

Forests

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Artificial regeneration is successful when high-performing seedlings are transported with care to the planting site, stored for a short period in an environment without desiccation or fungal growth, and planted in a deep hole, so roots are in contact with moist soil. One of the requirements for success is the ability to avoid common planting mistakes. Due, in part, to the use of container stock plus an increase in rainfall, the average first-year survival of pine seedlings (89%) in the southern United States is about 15% greater now than 45 years ago. However, when survival is less than 50% six months after planting, some landowners seek reimbursement for their loss. Some assume poor seedling quality was the cause without realizing that anaerobic soils or sudden freeze events, shallow planting holes, pruning roots, a lack of rain or underground insects can kill pines. With a focus on pines planted in the southern United States, we list non-nursery factors that have killed seedlings in North America, Africa and Europe.

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Section: Frost Heavingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Healthy Pine Seedlings Die after They Leave the Nursery

South

Starkey²,

Lyons³

2023

Forests

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“…Frost heaving can seriously damage seedling roots and even uproot them. The weaker radiative cooling typically observed under forest canopies reduces the risk of frost heaving, thereby providing more favourable conditions for seedling establishment and survival within forest stands than in open areas (de Chantal et al ., , ).…”

Section: The Effect Of Woody Plants On Microclimatementioning

confidence: 99%

Vegetation–microclimate feedbacks in woodland–grassland ecotones

D’Odorico

Collins

et al. 2012

Global Ecology and Biogeography

161

159

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Aim Climatic conditions exert a strong control on the geographic distribution of many woodland-to-grassland transition zones (or 'tree lines'). Because woody plants have, in general, a weaker cold tolerance than herbaceous vegetation, their altitudinal or latitudinal limits are strongly controlled by cold sensitivity. While temperature controls on the dynamics of woodland-grassland ecotones are relatively well established, the ability of woody plants to modify their microclimate and to create habitat for seedling establishment and growth may involve a variety of processes that are still not completely understood. Here we investigate feedbacks between vegetation and microclimatic conditions in the proximity to woodlandgrassland ecotones.Location We concentrate on arctic and alpine tree lines, the transition between mangrove forests and salt marshes in coastal ecosystems, and the shift from shrubland to grassland along temperature gradients in arid landscapes. MethodsWe review the major abiotic and biotic mechanisms underlying the ability of woody plants to alter the nocturnal microclimate by increasing the temperatures they are exposed to.Results We find that in many arctic, alpine, desert and coastal landscapes the presence of trees or shrubs causes nocturnal warming thereby favouring the establishment and survival of woody plants.Main conclusion Because of this feedback, trees and shrubs may establish in areas that would be otherwise unsuitable for their survival. Thus, in grasslandwoodland transition zones both vegetation covers may be (alternative) stable states of the landscape, thereby affecting the way tree lines may migrate in response to regional and global climate change.

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“…In contrast, studies on both conifers (Paquette et al 2011;Tarroux et al 2014) and broadleaf species (Gemmel et al 1996) have reported either no negative or actual positive effects of deep planting on seedling growth, absolute height above ground, or survival. Moreover, deep planting may reduce the risk of frost heaving (Sahlén and Goulet 2002;de Chantal et al 2009), eliminate root collar exposition due to planting at too shallow a depth (Paquette et al 2011) and stimulate root production (Sutton 1995;Tarroux et al 2014). Deep planting has also been recomended to improve access to soil water where moisture is limiting (Sutherland and Foreman 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early performance of planted hybrid larch: effects of mechanical site preparation and planting depth

et al. 2014

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Some site preparation is generally recommended to enhance the growth and survival of planted and naturally regenerated seedlings, but must be justified both economically and environmentally. More severe preparation is thought to be necessary for intensive plantation silviculture, e.g., using fast-growing, ameliorated stocks, especially in boreal ecosystems. Although not justified scientifically, deep-planting of seedlings is often 2 discouraged and may even be financially penalized in eastern Canada. We thus evaluated early seedling growth and survival of hybrid larch (Larix x marschlinsii Coaz) in an experiment including mechanical site preparation and planting depth treatments. Our results suggest that satisfactory early hybrid larch establishment and growth could be met using low environmental impact or low cost treatments (such as soil inversion using an excavator or single-pass disk trenching), and that depth of planting has no negative effect.Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to explore causal relationships between factors influencing seedling performance at the local scale (planting microsites), including soil moisture, soil temperature, surrounding vegetation, and seedling nutrition.SEM analysis supported the absence of overall differences among treatments, while also highlighting the negative impact of increased soil water content where drainage was suboptimal, as well as the unexpected positive impact of increased competition on growth mostly through seedling nutrition, among others. These early observations will need to be confirmed over a longer period, as well as with a more comprehensive assessment of site environmental conditions and competition intensity.

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Frost heaving of Picea abies seedlings as influenced by soil preparation, planting technique, and location along gap-shelterwood gradients

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

Why Healthy Pine Seedlings Die after They Leave the Nursery

Why Healthy Pine Seedlings Die after They Leave the Nursery

Vegetation–microclimate feedbacks in woodland–grassland ecotones

Early performance of planted hybrid larch: effects of mechanical site preparation and planting depth

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