“…Previous studies where ML was employed to predict frost have yielded positive results in complex terrain (Ghielmi and Eccel, 2006 ; Eccel et al, 2007 ), and determined how integration of data from nearby weather station data may yield improved model predictions (Diedrichs et al, 2018 ). However, many ML frost prediction studies have either focused on classification of frost events (Möller-Acuña et al, 2017 ; Tamura et al, 2020 ; Noh et al, 2021 ) which, depending on the stage of bud development, may not be the most useful for characterizing actual crop mortality. For example, although the occurrence of frost may be enough to kill crops that are in the latter stages of bud development where flowers have started to form, temperatures lower than freezing are needed to destroy crops in earlier bud stages (e.g., bud swelling) (Salazar-Gutiérrez et al, 2016 ).…”