1995
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.311.7021.1661
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Frostbite of the face and ears: epidemiological study of risk factors in Finnish conscripts

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Cited by 55 publications
(43 citation statements)
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“…In an earlier epidemiological study (5), the high occurrence of frostbite was associated with simultaneous use of ointments, indicating the possibility of a causal relation. Even then, there may still be other factors, such as severe cold exposure, that may lead to both increased risk of frostbite (a statistically signi¢cant association with self-estimated cold exposure was not found in this study) and to use of``protective'' ointments (association was found), causing a fundamental bias.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 96%
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“…In an earlier epidemiological study (5), the high occurrence of frostbite was associated with simultaneous use of ointments, indicating the possibility of a causal relation. Even then, there may still be other factors, such as severe cold exposure, that may lead to both increased risk of frostbite (a statistically signi¢cant association with self-estimated cold exposure was not found in this study) and to use of``protective'' ointments (association was found), causing a fundamental bias.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 96%
“…Contrary to popular belief, their use was shown to be a considerable risk factor for frostbite (5). The bene¢ts of the use of ointments against the cold have not been substantiated by the scienti¢c literature.…”
mentioning
confidence: 97%
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“…These studies were, consequently, based on limited sample sets. Much less is known about the risk factors for injuries in conscript armies [6,7,10], and the study populations have been small.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…People in the northern part of the country, and especially in the inland areas, are exposed to winter conditions with temperatures often reaching −40°C. The incidence of cold injuries among soldiers during winter service in the northern part of Scandinavia has been reported to be around 2% per year [1,2]. …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%