Fruit Bagasse Phytochemicals from Malpighia Emarginata Rich in Enzymatic Inhibitor with Modulatory Action on Hemostatic Processes

Abstract

Agro‐industrial wastes are promising sources of phytochemicals for the development of products to be used in health promotion and maintenance. In this study, extracts from acerola bagasse (AB) were characterized by HPLC, and evaluated according to its modulatory action on phospholipases A2 and proteases involved in processes such as inflammation and blood clotting. Snake venoms were used as biological tools once they have high functional and structural homology between their enzymes and human enzymes. Two types of extracts were prepared from AB: aqueous and methanolic. These extracts, evaluated at different proportions (venom:extract, w:w), significantly inhibited the phospholipase activity induced by the venoms of Bothrops moojeni, Bothrops atrox (11% to 31%), and Crotalus durissus terrificus (C. d. t.) (11% to 19%). The hemolytic activity induced by the venoms of B. moojeni and C. d. t. was better inhibited by the methanolic extract (inhibition between 23% and 48%). Thrombolysis induced by the venoms of B. moojeni and C. d. t. was inhibited by both extracts, with inhibition ranging from 13% to 63% for the aqueous extract, and from 12% to 92% for the methanolic one. Both extracts increased the time of coagulation induced by the venoms of B. moojeni and Lachesis muta muta in 26 and up to 68 s. These inhibitory actions were related to the following phenolic compounds present in the extract of AB: gallic acid, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin, syringic acid, p‐coumaric acid, and quercetin. Additional studies are needed to confirm their potential use for nutraceutical purposes. Practical Application Agro‐industrial wastes are promising sources of phytochemicals for the development of products that can be used by pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and food industries. Studies report the use of the acerola bagasse extract in health improvement. However, its toxic‐pharmacological characterization is still scarce. In this study, the extracts of acerola bagasse presented phenolic compounds that can modulate the activity of enzymes such as phospholipases A2 and proteases that act on the coagulant/anticoagulant and thrombotic/thrombolytic activities and the break of phospholipids, decreasing the inflammation and platelet aggregation. Although the in vivo effects of the extracts are not fully understood, this study shed light upon the possibilities of their usage.

Activity of catechins and their applications

“…Has an anti-allergenic component and antiinflammatory and anti-arthritic activity Ohmori et al 1995, Marques et al 2018, Foyet et al 2015, Magalhães et al 2009 Anti-viral activities Shows anti-influenza activity and interferes with cell infiltration and attachment of herpes simplex virus Ide et al 2014, Cheng 2006 Anti-cancer activities Extract from Lawsonia inermis (Henna) can inhibit proliferation of cancer cells Kumar et al 2016 Activation of skin barrier passage Various methods have enhanced the skin penetration of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) anti-oxidants Puri et al 2016, Zillich et al 2013, dal Belo et al 2009, Kadhum et al 2017, Bombardelli 1991, Arct et al 2002, Yang et al 2015c, Wisuitiprot et al 2011 Promoting cell activities Effective for low cytotoxicity and anti-melanin production and improves reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cell viability and cell proliferation Kim et al 2015 Sludge utilisation Anti-oxidant components were extracted from various sludge, suggesting that they could be developed into foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals Aires et al 2016, Magalhães et al 2015, Reis et al 2016, Kosińska et al 2012, Arruda et al 2017, Hernández-Hernández et al 2018, Sharma et al 2013, Demoliner et al 2018, Oliveira et al 2013 Stability Aspects exploited for improving stability include sunlight, oxidation, compound stability, and collagen stabilisation Scalia et al 2013, Ferreira-Nunes et al 2018, Jang et al 2014, Bianchi et al 2011, Madhan et al 2005, Gallego et al 2017 Relatively stable at low pH and the extraction efficiency of anti-oxidants was high Tsuchiya et...…”

“…GCG was the most potent anti-allergenic component among tea catechins (Ohmori et al 1995). Extracts of Acerola bagasse (A. bagasse) can modulate the activity of proteases that act on coagulant, anti-coagulant, and thrombolytic activities as well as the destruction of phospholipids, thereby decreasing inflammation and platelet aggregation (Marques et al 2018). Methanol extracts of the stem bark of Vitellaria paradoxa (V. paradoxa) showed anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activities in acute and chronic inflammation in Wistar albino rats (Foyet et al 2015).…”

Fruit Seeds as Sources of Bioactive Compounds: Sustainable Production of High Value-Added Ingredients from By-Products within Circular Economy

“…So far, the literature has proposed the use of fruit wastes in the development of new products as functional extracts and flours from grape waste [20,21], yogurts enriched with grape skin flour [22], cookies added with grape skin and grape seed flours [23], fish oil added with apple peel phenolics [24], avocado oil added with phenolic compounds [25], frozen yogurt containing sea buckthorn berry pomace [26], bologna sausage added with citrus fiber [27], meat products added with berry extracts [28], corn starch extrudate containing fruit pomace (cranberry, grape, apple, and blueberry) [29], oil-in-water emulsion containing Ander berry [30], and Dijon-style mustard added with berry fruit pomace [31], among other technological applications. Surprisingly enough, the peels and seeds of the most conventionally grown fruits and vegetables are not yet used to develop new foods, natural extracts, and pharmaceutical products [32,33,34,35]. This is probably because of the remarkable presence of pesticide residues in the peels [36].…”

Molecular interactions between p‐coumaric acid and snake venom toxins

“…27 Phenolic compounds, such as p-coumaric acid, are capable of promoting conformational changes in the enzymes by binding to the active site, or to a coordination site, leading to a decrease or inhibition of the activity or by stabilizing and enhancing the catalytic activity of such enzymes. 28 Some mechanisms of action have been proposed for several phenolic compounds. The sequestration of metal ions, which are enzymatic cofactors, suits as an example.…”