Fruit shading enhances peel color, carotenes accumulation and chromoplast differentiation in red grapefruit

Lado, Joanna; Cronjé, Paul; Alquézar, Berta; Page, Anton; Manzi, Matías; Gómez-Cádenas, Aurelio; Stead, Anthony D.; Zacarı́as, Lorenzo; Rodrigo, María Jesús

doi:10.1111/ppl.12332

Cited by 80 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Another distinctive feature of C orange and SR grapefruit pulp chromoplasts was the presence of needle-like crystals (Figs. 5f,l,6c,d,g,h), coinciding with the presence of lycopene in this tissue and resembling those previously described in other lycopeneaccumulating fruits (Simkin et al 2007;Schweiggert et al 2011;Jeffery et al 2012;Nogueira et al 2013) and in the pulp and peel of red grapefruit (Cao et al 2012;Jeffery et al 2012;Lado et al 2015). By contrast, at breaker stage in MSH pulp, the low content of carotenoids was related to a lack of any defined sink structures (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Exploring the diversity in Citrus fruit colouration to decipher the relationship between plastid ultrastructure and carotenoid composition

Lado

Zacarı́as

Gurrea

et al. 2015

Planta

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Differentiation of new and characteristic plastid ultrastructures during ripening of citrus fruits in both peel and pulp appears to be strongly correlated with the content and complement of carotenoids. Most of the species of the Citrus genus display a wide range in fruit colouration due to differences in carotenoids; however, how this diversity is related and may contribute to plastid differentiation and ultrastructure is currently unknown. To that end, carotenoid profile and plastid ultrastructure were compared in peel and pulp of three sweet oranges: the ordinary orange-coloured Navel, rich in β,β-xanthophylls, the yellow Pinalate mutant with an elevated content of colourless carotenes and reduced β,β-xanthophylls, and the red-fleshed Cara Cara with high concentration of colourless carotenes and lycopene in the pulp; and two grapefruits: the white Marsh, with low carotenoid content, and the red Star Ruby, accumulating upstream carotenes and lycopene. The most remarkable differences in plastid ultrastructure among varieties were detected in the pulp at full colour, coinciding with major differences in carotenoid composition. Accumulation of lycopene in Cara Cara and Star Ruby pulp was associated with the presence of needle-like crystals in the plastids, while high content of upstream carotenes in Pinalate pulp was related to the development of a novel plastid type with numerous even and round vesicles. The presence of plastoglobuli was linked to phytoene and xanthophyll accumulation, suggesting these structures as the main sites for the accumulation of these pigments. Peel chromoplasts were richer in membranes compared to pulp chromoplasts, reflecting their different biogenesis. In summary, differences in carotenoid composition and accumulation of unusual carotenoids are mirrored by the development of diverse and novel chromoplast types, revealing the plasticity of these organelles to rearrange carotenoids inside different structures to allow massive accumulation and thus contributing to the chemical stability of the carotenoids.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Exploring the diversity in Citrus fruit colouration to decipher the relationship between plastid ultrastructure and carotenoid composition

Lado

Zacarı́as

Gurrea

et al. 2015

Planta

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“…For example, lycopene accumulates in some fruits providing bright red coloration to the flesh, as seen in tomato, red grapefruit and papaya (Devitt et al 2010;Lado et al 2015), but it does not appear to accumulate in kiwifruit. In the case of papaya, the accumulation of lycopene is due to a mutation causing loss of function of a LCYβ gene, and this can be selected for in marker-assisted breeding (Devitt et al 2010).…”

Section: Applying the Genome Sequence Information For Carotenoid Breementioning

confidence: 95%

Genetics of Pigment Biosynthesis and Degradation

Montefiori

Pilkington

Davies

et al. 2016

Compendium of Plant Genomes

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Within the genus Actinidia, there is large variability in fruit skin and flesh colour. The most familiar kiwifruit, A. chinensis var. deliciosa 'Hayward', has flesh of bright emerald green. Although many species have live, coloured fruit skins, most commercial cultivars have a dead, brown fruit skin. Hidden underneath the skin is a diversity and range of flesh colours which are characteristic of the species or specific genotypes. From a commercial point of view, flesh colour has become a particularly important feature which distinguishes the fruit and new cultivars in the market. In today's market, there is a large number of cultivars with a range of flesh colours grouped into three main categories: green, yellow and red. The red-fleshed cultivars are a recent addition and have generated great interest throughout the industry worldwide. It is also the distinctive feature of the genotype used to build the reference genome for A. chinensis var. chinensis (Huang et al., 2013). Fruit ColourAnthocyanins, carotenoids and chlorophylls are responsible for almost all fruit coloration. Plant breeding and domestication have produced numerous fruit where the levels and distribution of pigments vary widely, changing during development and in response to the environment. The accumulation of pigments in fruit is an important indicator of ripeness, quality and value. These pigments also differentiate cultivars for consumers, as well as being implicated in the health attributes of our foods. A highly pigmented fruit has become perceived by consumers as conferring

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“…In this system, blue LED light irradiation was effective for inducing carotenoid accumulation, while red LED light irradiation did not significantly affect the carotenoid content in the juice sacs of Satsuma mandarin and Valencia orange (Zhang et al, 2012). Except for light quality, light intensity was also a key factor regulating carotenoid metabolism in plants (Demmig-Adams and Adams, 1992;Bohne and Linden, 2002;Bramley, 2002;Keyhaninejad et al, 2012;Lado et al, 2015). In the present study, to further elucidate the roles of blue light in regulating carotenoid accumulation, the effects of the intensity of blue LED light on carotenoid biosynthesis and expression of the carotenoid biosynthetic genes were investigated in the juice sacs of Satsuma mandarin and Valencia orange in vitro.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Effect of blue LED light intensity on carotenoid accumulation in citrus juice sacs

Zhang

Yamawaki

et al. 2015

Journal of Plant Physiology

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In the present study, the effects of blue LED light intensity on carotenoid accumulation and expression of genes related to carotenoid biosynthesis were investigated in the juice sacs of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) in vitro. The results showed that 100 μmol m(-2)s(-1) blue LED light (100B) was effective for increasing carotenoid content, especially β-cryptoxanthin, in Satsuma mandarin after cultured in vitro for four weeks. In Valencia orange, in contrast, 50 μmol m(-2)s(-1) blue LED light (50B) treatment was effective for inducing carotenoid accumulation through increasing the contents of two major carotenoids, all-trans-violaxanthin and 9-cis-violaxanthin. In addition, gene expression results showed that the simultaneous increases in the expression of genes (CitPSY, CitPDS, CitZDS, CitLCYb2, and CitHYb) involved in producing β,β-xanthophylls were well consistent with the accumulation of β-cryptoxanthin in Satsuma mandarin under 100B, and violaxanthin in Valencia orange under 50B. The results presented herein contribute to further elucidating the regulatory mechanism of carotenoid accumulation by blue LED light.

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Fruit shading enhances peel color, carotenes accumulation and chromoplast differentiation in red grapefruit

Cited by 80 publications

References 55 publications

Exploring the diversity in Citrus fruit colouration to decipher the relationship between plastid ultrastructure and carotenoid composition

Exploring the diversity in Citrus fruit colouration to decipher the relationship between plastid ultrastructure and carotenoid composition

Genetics of Pigment Biosynthesis and Degradation

Effect of blue LED light intensity on carotenoid accumulation in citrus juice sacs

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