Fruit Splitting in Citrus

Cronjé, Paul; Stander, Ockert P.J.; Theron, Karen I.

doi:10.1002/9781118707418.ch04

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…where the skin of the fruit develops normally, has a normal shape and arrangement. In stage fruit flesh, resulting in progressive changes in developments led to the fruit skin become thin the skin (Cronje et al 2013). the average number of cracking fruits per between controls (P1) and other treatments.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the albedo part ('spongy') can adjust to this process, but this is not the case for more rigid parts of the flavedo, hence fruit tend to cracks. The phenomenon of those cracking in citrus is different from other plants (Sheikh & Manjula, 2012), because its fruit has a unique morphology (Cronje et al, 2013). Citrus fruit consists of pulp and skin composed of an internal layer (mesocarp) with white colour (albedo) and an external layer/flavedo (exocarp).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In addition, nutritional imbalance, low Ca and K and high P, conditions of hot and humid air, irregular irrigation, and plants with heavy fruit can also trigger fruit cracking incidence in some citrus varieties starting at the time the they begin to develop. Fruit in young trees tends to be more susceptible to cracking than older plants (Goodwin, 2008;Cronje et al, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

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APPLICATION OF K, Ca, and Mg ON PEEL THICKNESS AND FRUIT CRACKING INCIDENCE OF CITRUS

Hardiyanto¹,

Friyanti²

2019

RJOAS

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3 ). The second one was the variety, Mandarin cv. Terigas and Tangerine cv. Pontianak as a control. The treatment was repeated 3 times with a unit treatment of 5 plants. Observations were made on macro nutrient uptake on leaves and fruit skin, development of fruit size, number of cracking fruit/plant, size of fruit diameter, and thickness of fruit peel. The results showed that the cracking incidence of Terigas fruits was caused by the thinning of the fruit peels, where the thinner the peel of the fruit, the more fruit would be cracked (Y = 20.501 to 9, 9702 X, R 2 = 67.5%), while the thickness of the skin was not influenced by nutrients absorbed in the fruit peel. Treatment P2 to P5 was able to suppress fruit cracking on Terigas Mandarin between 22 -56.1% at age of 22 weeks and 14.9 -42.6% at age of 26 weeks after flowering. Moreover, P3 can prevent 50% of cracking fruit/plant less than the control (P1). All treatments did not significantly affect on the thickness of peel fruit of Tangerine cv. Pontianak. This activity has an impact on increasing the quantity and quality production of Mandarin cv. Terigas.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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APPLICATION OF K, Ca, and Mg ON PEEL THICKNESS AND FRUIT CRACKING INCIDENCE OF CITRUS

Hardiyanto¹,

Friyanti²

2019

RJOAS

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“…With respect to the specific morphology of citrus fruit, splitting fruit is varied comparing to other crops, which results in the development of flavedo microcracks and initiation of the split fruit at the styler end of the citrus fruit by applying a pressure of the rapid expansion pulp during fruit growing as reported previously by Cronjé et al (2013). The splitting in citrus is usually started at the end of fruit blossom, which is the weakest part of the skin (Garcia-Luis et al 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Improvement of Fruit Quality and Marketability of “Washington Navel” Orange Fruit by Cytokinin and Gibberellin

Elmenofy

Kheder

Mansour

2021

Egyptian Journal of Horticulture

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T HE current investigation aimed to maximize the productivity of "Washington Navel" orange by reducing fruit splitting %, increase fruit weight and size, quality, in addition to improve marketability. So, in the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 seasons a field experiment was carried out on a private orchard in Kafr El-Sheik governorate, Egypt. Trees were treated with Benzyladenin (BA) at 50ppm, Sytofix (CPPU) at 10ppm, GA 3 at 50ppm, and GA 3 combined with BA or CPPU. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) were applied three times after the full bloom stage by 15, 30 and 45 days as foliar application. Results revealed that PGRs increased quality parameters, productivity, and chlorophyll content, as well as reduced fruit splitting % and carotene content. GA 3 plus CPPU gave the highest fruit fresh weight, fruit length, fruit yield, and SSC%. However, GA 3 +BA registered the greatest fruit diameter, chlorophyll content, TA%, vitamin C, as well as decreased fruit splitting % and carotene content. Regarding the marketing period, GA 3 plus BA obtained the highest reduction % in weight loss, decayed fruit percentage, however, recorded the greatest vitamin C and chlorophyll contents. ABA results clarified that application of PGRs tended to decrease significantly its content in peel fruit, in particular, GA 3 alone or combined with BA showed the lowest content of ABA in both seasons. These results will not only help researchers to understand the roles of PGRs in navel orange fruit growth, development, and productivity but can also be applied to large-scale fruit production and prolong the marketing period.

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“…F ruit splitting of citrus (Citrus sp.) is a physiological disorder of the rind (Cronjé et al, 2014) and occurs in thin-rinded mandarin and mandarin hybrids (Almela et al, 1994), as well as sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) cultivars such as Navel (De Cicco et al, 1988) and Valencia (Borroto et al, 1981). Similarities in certain causal factors and physiological development of splitting exist between citrus and other commercial fruit species; however, the unique anatomy and physiology of citrus fruit add some complexity to understanding and controlling this disorder.…”

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Foliar 2,4-D Application after Physiological Fruit Drop Reduces Fruit Splitting of Mandarin

Stander

Theron

Cronjé

2014

hortte

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Various mandarin (Citrus reticulata) cultivars are prone to fruit splitting, a physiological disorder that entails cracking of the rind, starting from the stylar end of the fruit, with eventual splitting of the endocarp and abscission of the fruit. On two mandarin cultivars, Marisol and Mor, foliar applications of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) were evaluated over two growing seasons for efficacy to reduce fruit splitting in Paarl, South Africa (lat. 33°69′S, long. 18°95′E). Foliar treatment of 10 mg·L−1 2,4-D directly after physiological fruit drop (APFD) compared with later dates in January and February, either alone or in combination with K, increased rind thickness and reduced fruit splitting of ‘Marisol’ and ‘Mor’ by up to 50%, without negatively affecting internal fruit quality. Treatments increased rind thickness and rind strength throughout fruit development in addition to fruit diameter, length, and growth rate, with no significant effect on rind coarseness. There was a slight reduction in juice content and titratable acidity (TA), but no effect on the total soluble solids (TSS). Application of 2,4-D APFD is thought to increase rind integrity due to a direct strengthening effect on the rind during early stages of fruit development.

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Fruit Splitting in Citrus

Cited by 16 publications

References 40 publications

APPLICATION OF K, Ca, and Mg ON PEEL THICKNESS AND FRUIT CRACKING INCIDENCE OF CITRUS

APPLICATION OF K, Ca, and Mg ON PEEL THICKNESS AND FRUIT CRACKING INCIDENCE OF CITRUS

Improvement of Fruit Quality and Marketability of “Washington Navel” Orange Fruit by Cytokinin and Gibberellin

Foliar 2,4-D Application after Physiological Fruit Drop Reduces Fruit Splitting of Mandarin

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