Fruit thinning of apples and pears with chemicals /

Williams, Max W.; Edgerton, L. J.

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.135448

Cited by 59 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(4 reference statements)

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“…'Golden Delicious' fruits. Cytokinins were applied separately 2 weeks after full-bloom with a commercial 'spidet' blower sprayer in three orchards: Ortal ( hand-thinning (Williams and Edgerton, 1981;Looney, 1983;Moran and Southwick, 2000). Thus, although the remaining fruits are of higher value, the total yield is reduced.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokinins increase fruit size of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ (Malus domestica) apple in a warm climate

Štern

Ben‐Arie

Applebaum

et al. 2006

The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokinins increase fruit size of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ (Malus domestica) apple in a warm climate

Štern

Ben‐Arie

Applebaum

et al. 2006

The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology

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“…When comparing the timing and rate trials, the neutral response to ethephon in the rate trials could be associated to tree age, tree size, crop load, an/or application timing. Plant bioregulator use has been shown to be affected by environmental conditions (Williams and Fallahi 1999); also varying conditions within the orchard can have a critical effect upon efficacy (Williams and Edgerton 1981). To ensure whole tree coverage in our rate trials, the older and larger trees had 3742 L ha -1 volume applied compared to the smaller trees volume of 1871 L ha -1 applications.…”

Section: Rate Trials 'Chelan'mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of ethephon on sweet cherry pedicel-fruit retention force and quality is cultivar dependent

Smith

Whiting

2009

Plant Growth Regul

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Ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) is effectively used to promote development of the pedicelfruit abscission zone in tart cherry (Prunus cerasus) for mechanical harvest. Our research program is investigating the use of ethephon to promote pedicel-fruit retention force (PFRF) reduction on new sweet cherry (P. avium) cultivars to assist mechanized harvest and its affect upon fresh market quality fruit. Ethephon treatments were made at different timings and rates to 'Bing' and 'Chelan' during the 2006 season. Ethephon applications to 'Bing' trees more than 10 days prior to harvest were effective at reducing PFRF and facilitating mechanical harvest, irrespective of rate (1.2, 3.5, 5.8 L ha -1 [1, 3, 5 pt A -1 ]). Ethephon applied fewer than 10 days prior to harvest did not reduce PFRF sufficiently. In contrast, no rate or timing of ethephon studied induced a reduction in 'Chelan' PFRF sufficient for mechanical harvest. Accompanying PFRF analyses, fruit quality was assessed by measuring firmness (g mm -1 ), soluble solids (8Brix), weight (g) and color (CTIFL, scale 1-7). Ethephon applied 22 days before harvest at a rate of 3.5 L ha -1 enhanced exocarp color in 'Bing' by 27%, while reducing firmness in both 'Bing' (-19%, 22 days prior to harvest) and 'Chelan' (-15%, 20 days prior to harvest). We observed a significant natural decline in 'Skeena' PFRF to levels acceptable for mechanical harvest. This research documents genotypicspecific pedicel-fruit abscission characteristics and the potential to facilitate mechanical harvest of fresh market quality sweet cherry fruit using ethephon.

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“…Postbloom chemical thinning of apple fruit is a standard practice to improve fruit size, increase return bloom, reduce biennial cropping and optimize crop value (Forshey, 1986;Williams and Edgerton, 1981). Since either excessive or inadequate thinning can be costly for apple growers, there is considerable incentive to increase the precision of the thinning process.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NAA, carbaryl (CB), and BA (Accel ™ ; Valent BioSciences, Libertyville, Ill.) are the most common postbloom chemical thinners in apples, applied either alone or as NAA or BA in combination with CB (Robinson et al, 1998;Williams and Edgerton, 1981). Maximum thinning is reported when NAA and BA are applied at ≈10-mm king fruitlet diameter (KFD) (Greene, 1993;Leuty, 1973), and this has been a common commercial timing for postbloom thinner application.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crop Load Reduction and Fruit Size Following Multi-step Thinning of 'Empire' Apple

Stover¹,

Fargione²,

Risio³

et al. 2002

HortSci

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Two years of field experiments were conducted in eastern New York to evaluate the efficacy of a multi-step thinning approach on reducing crop load (no. fruit per cm2 trunk cross-sectional area) and increasing fruit size of 'Empire' apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.). Applications of Endothall (ET) at 80% bloom, NAA + carbaryl (CB) at petal fall (PF), and Accel™ + CB at 10 mm king fruitlet diameter (KFD), alone and in all combinations, were compared to a nonthinned control and to the application of NAA + CB at 10 mm KFD (commercial standard). In both 1996 and 1997, orthogonal contrasts indicated the multi-step treatment significantly increased fruit size, reduced cropload, and reduced yield compared to single applications. Effects on cropload of consecutive treatments were largely predicted by multiplying effects of individual treatments. Although all thinning treatments except for NAA + CB at PF in 1997 significantly reduced cropload, no single treatment thinned sufficiently to ensure good return bloom. Compared to NAA + CB at 10 mm KFD, multi-step thinning with NAA + CB at PF followed by Accel™ + CB at 10 mm KFD produced bigger fruits in both years, and resulted in a higher percentage of spurs carrying a single fruit in 1996. When fruit size was evaluated after removing the effect of cropload (cropload adjusted fruit weight), NAA + CB at PF, Accel™ + CB at 10 mm, and the two applied sequentially, resulted in greater cropload adjusted fruit weight than the nonthinned control in both years, whereas NAA + CB at 10 mm did not. Contrast analysis of treatments with and without ET showed no significant effect of including ET on fruit size, though total cropload was reduced at P = 0.10 and total yield was reduced (P = 0.03 in 1996 and P = 0.12 in 1997). No deleterious effects from multi-step treatments have been observed. All thinning treatments significantly increased return bloom in 1996 and 1997 compared to the control with little difference observed between treatments. Chemical names used: naphthalene acetic acid (NAA); 1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate [carbaryl (CB)]; 6-benzyladenine [BA (Accel™)]; 7-oxabicyclo (2,2,1) heptane-2,3 dicarboxylic acid [ET (Endothall™)]

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Fruit thinning of apples and pears with chemicals /

Cited by 59 publications

References 4 publications

Cytokinins increase fruit size of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ (Malus domestica) apple in a warm climate

Cytokinins increase fruit size of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ (Malus domestica) apple in a warm climate

Effect of ethephon on sweet cherry pedicel-fruit retention force and quality is cultivar dependent

Crop Load Reduction and Fruit Size Following Multi-step Thinning of 'Empire' Apple

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