Fruit trees and herbaceous plants increase functional and phylogenetic diversity of birds in smallholder rubber plantations

Jayathilake, H. Manjari; Warren‐Thomas, Eleanor; Nelson, Luke; Dolman, Paul M.; Bumrungsri, Sara; Juthong, Watinee; Carrasco, L. Román; Edwards, David P.

doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109140

Cited by 11 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The World-Wide Fund for Nature-Pakistan's natural resource manager has reported that out of 200 species of birds listed in late 1980s by an ornithologist Dr Thomas Jones Roberts, nearly 50 per cent are no longer found in Karachi. All trees selected for the urban forest were native fruit trees as fruit tree increase functional and phylogenetic diversity of birds [34]. To increase number of trees in a small space at a faster rate with biodiversity enhancement, five Miyawaki forests covering an area of 168 m 2 with 540 fruit trees were established on the campus.…”

Section: Results and Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…found in Karachi. All trees selected for the urban forest were native fruit trees as fruit tree increase functional and phylogenetic diversity of birds [34]. To increase number of trees in a small space at a faster rate with biodiversity enhancement, five Miyawaki forests covering an area of 168 m 2 with 540 fruit trees were established on the campus.…”

Section: Results and Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards a Carbon Neutral and Sustainable Campus: Case Study of NED University of Engineering and Technology

et al. 2022

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Globally, universities are evaluating and targeting to reduce their carbon emissions and operate on a sustainable basis. The overall aim of this study revolves in addressing the following three questions: (1) How to calculate carbon footprint, including indicators selection, criteria, and measurement, for higher education institutions? (2) How to evaluate impact and effectiveness of various mitigation strategies in context of a higher education institution? (3) What are the possible limitations of approach selected for carbon footprint calculation. This paper presents estimation of the carbon footprint of NED University using a carbon calculator along with the identification of sources with maximum contribution to its carbon footprint. The carbon footprint of the NED University main campus for 2017 was calculated to be approximately 21,500 metric tons of equivalent CO2 and carbon footprint per student was 1.79 metric tons of equivalent CO2. Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions each contributed nearly 7% of the carbon footprint, while Scope 3 emissions accounted for 85.6% of the carbon footprint. Major interventions such as switching to renewables, usage of energy efficient appliances, electric vehicles, and massive tree plantation inside and outside the campus were identified as the most effective mitigation strategies.

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Section: Results and Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Results and Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a Carbon Neutral and Sustainable Campus: Case Study of NED University of Engineering and Technology

et al. 2022

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“…2017 for orthopteran communities; Jayathilake et al. 2021 for bird communities), but not for evenness. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first study to demonstrate that ecotourist activity and trail access are associated with structural and functional reductions across all diversity richness indices in a subtropical mammal community.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taxonomic diversity (TD) indices define the average taxonomic path between randomly chosen individuals, accounting for taxonomic differences and heterogeneity (species richness and evenness) (Morelli et al 2018). Functional diversity (FD) indices provide information about biological interactions (Jayathilake et al 2021), niche complementarity, and environmental filtering, elucidating mechanistic links between organisms and ecosystems (Petchey & Gaston 2006). Phylogenetic diversity (PD) indices connect community structure with ecosystem function and stability, which reflect the evolutionary relationship between species and provide a comprehensive estimate of phylogenically conservative phenotypic and ecological differences across species level (Srivastava et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotourist trail‐use affects the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of mammals in a protected area: lessons for conservation management

et al. 2022

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Ecotourism, by definition, aims to engage peoples' interest in wildlife and the environment. The use of tourist roads and trails to access sites within protected areas (PAs) can detrimentally affect the behavior and distribution of species. The way mammals respond to anthropogenic pressures may differ across taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic groups; nevertheless, how ecotourist trail-use affects these different diversity remains under-investigated. Here, we assessed 6 metrics of taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity for a mammal community in a PA in central China, recording how Trail use (using Trail type as a proxy) and habitat variables affected sightings and signs of mammals across 60 replicate 0.5 km transects. We then examined how Trail use affected the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity indices of species (>1 kg). Using generalized liner mixed modeling, we identified that more used trail types had a greater adverse effect on all diversity richness indices than did less used trail types. Consequently, tourist pressure was associated with a general tendency to homogenize the site's mammal community. In contrast, the effects of Trail Types on all diversity evenness indices were non-significant. Furthermore, more developed and more heavily used trail types had a greater, significant negative effect on taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic richness, whereas these richness indices were unaffected by minor trail types, used less intensively. As a general principle, lower biodiversity indices reduce ecosystem resilience, and so it is vital to better understand these responses to balance public access against biodiversity management in PAs.

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“…This highlights a current knowledge uncertainty and the need for more studies examining multiple dimensions of biodiversity from different land-use change contexts and regions. While several studies compare forests with structurally very different land uses, such as farms and urban environments (García-Navas & Thuiller, 2020;Sreekar et al, 2021), there are relatively few studies that contrast the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversities of forests versus tree-based agroforestry systems (Jayathilake et al, 2021). Addressing this gap is pertinent for Asia, where agroforestry plantations pose pervasive threats to wet tropical forests (Namkhan et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation value of low-elevation forests for birds in agroforestry-dominated landscapes in a biodiversity hotspot

Biswas,

Biniwale,

Sadekar

et al. 2023

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Protected areas (PAs) and multi-use landscapes beyond PAs play important and complementary roles in conserving global biodiversity. Across the tropical forest biome, remnant forests and agroforestry plantations in mixed-use landscapes often have high taxonomic diversity, but their ability to sustain functionally and phylogenetically diverse assemblages and retain conservation-priority species is unclear. Additionally, our understanding of impacts of land-use change across species, function and communities is poor.In India’s Western Ghats (WG) biodiversity hotspot, like in many other tropical regions, PAs cover just 12% of the land and are concentrated in higher elevations. Here, in an approximately 15,000 km2landscape in the northern WG, we compared bird communities across six land-use categories: state-owned high-elevation PAs and low-elevation Reserved Forests beyond PAs, and privately-owned periodically clear-felled low-elevation forests and three types of low-elevation agroforestry plantations (cashew, mango, and rubber).We sampled 184 line transects totalling 137.5 km across habitats, compared taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity metrics and used joint species distribution models to test for species-trait-habitat associations.Forests in general and lowland forests in particular had higher taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity, and higher occurrence probabilities of evergreen forest-affiliated, conservation-priority, and frugivores than agroforestry plantations. The ranking of land-use types varied across indicators, with rubber ranking higher than cashew and mango for functional and phylogenetic diversity but lower in species occurrence probabilities.Synthesis and Applications: Our findings underscore the irreplaceability of less-disturbed forests for birds in mixed-use landscapes, especially when considering multiple dimensions of biodiversity, habitat specialists, and conservation-priority species. We advocate the simultaneous examination at multiple levels (community, species and traits) to determine the impacts of land-use change as divergent information of conservation importance is gleaned from each level. Reserved and private forests of low elevations of the Northern Western Ghats are critical for avian conservation, given that they harbour significant diversity, and the absence of representative PAs in the region. Given the vulnerability of these low-elevation forests to conversion for non-forestry activities and overexploitation for fuelwood, there is a need to develop viable models of partnership with landowners in these multi-use landscapes for ecological restoration of degraded forests.

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Fruit trees and herbaceous plants increase functional and phylogenetic diversity of birds in smallholder rubber plantations

Cited by 11 publications

References 64 publications

Towards a Carbon Neutral and Sustainable Campus: Case Study of NED University of Engineering and Technology

Towards a Carbon Neutral and Sustainable Campus: Case Study of NED University of Engineering and Technology

Ecotourist trail‐use affects the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity of mammals in a protected area: lessons for conservation management

Conservation value of low-elevation forests for birds in agroforestry-dominated landscapes in a biodiversity hotspot

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