FT-ICR/MS and GC-EI/MS Metabolomics Networking Unravels Global Potato Sprout's Responses to Rhizoctonia solani Infection

Abstract

The complexity of plant-pathogen interactions makes their dissection a challenging task for metabolomics studies. Here we are reporting on an integrated metabolomics networking approach combining gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance/mass spectrometry (FT-ICR/MS) and bioinformatics analyses for the study of interactions in the potato sprout-Rhizoctonia solani pathosystem and the fluctuations in the global metabolome of sprouts. The developed bioanalytical and bioinformatics protocols provided a snapshot of the sprout's global metabolic network and its perturbations as a result of pathogen invasion. Mevalonic acid and deoxy-xylulose pathways were substantially up-regulated leading to the biosynthesis of sesquiterpene alkaloids such as the phytoalexins phytuberin, rishitin, and solavetivone, and steroidal alkaloids having solasodine and solanidine as their common aglycons. Additionally, the perturbation of the sprout's metabolism was depicted in fluctuations of the content of their amino acids pool and that of carboxylic and fatty acids. Components of the systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and hypersensitive reaction (HR) such as azelaic and oxalic acids were detected in increased levels in infected sprouts and strategies of the pathogen to overcome plant defense were proposed. Our metabolic approach has not only greatly expanded the multitude of metabolites previously reported in potato in response to pathogen invasion, but also enabled the identification of bioactive plant-derived metabolites providing valuable information that could be exploited in biotechnology, biomarker-assisted plant breeding, and crop protection for the development of new crop protection agents.

An update of therapeutic potential and bioanalytical aspects of steroidal glycoalkaloid (solanidine)

“…GC/MS with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance/mass spectrometry and bioinformatics were used for the study of interactions in the potato sprout-Rhizoctonia solani pathosystem and fluctuations [44]. Foliar alkaloid analysis and GC-MS analysis of potato genotype i.e.…”

Silicon Era of Carbon-Based Life: Application of Genomics and Bioinformatics in Crop Stress Research

“…There was an accumulation of TCA cycle-related metabolites, including citrate, succinate, and aconitate, but a reduction in ATP in flood-stressed plants, which can be explained by the arrest of aerobic respiration due to anoxia [222]. Following a similar logic, the accumulation of antimicrobial compounds, such as caffeic acid, phytoalexins, glycoalkaloids, and other polyphenolic compounds, are common in pathogen-infected crops compared to their uninfected counterparts [224][225][226]228]. Glucose oxidase secreted by a fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea, can also lead to the accumulation of gluconic acid in Vitis vinifera cv.…”

“…Biological multivariate data generated from metabolomic studies are commonly analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) [202], partial least square (PLS) [203], and orthogonal projections to latent structures (O-PLS) [203,204]. Numerous metabolomic studies have been done on crops under stress, including: salinity [215][216][217], drought [218][219][220][221], flooding [222], ozone treatment [223], fungal infections [224][225][226], bacterial infections [217,227], other infections [228], and multiple stresses [229,230].…”

Metabolomics as a Tool in Agriculture

“…Faty acids, organic acids, alkaloids and amino acids Plant-pathogen interaction [40] Amino acids, organic acids,…”

“…It is important to study the interaction between pathogens and crops to gain a beter understanding of its efects. In this crop, the interaction with Rhizoctonia solani has been studied using FT-ICR/MS and GC-EI/MS [40].…”