Fucoidan from Ascophyllum nodosum and Undaria pinnatifida attenuate SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and in vivo by suppressing ACE2 and alleviating inflammation

A comparative study of the hypolipidemic effects and mechanisms of action ofLaminaria japonica- andAscophyllum nodosum-derived fucoidans in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice

“…Importantly, [→3)α- l -Fuc p (1→] glycosyls (type I fucosyl chains) in L. japonica -derived fucoidan seem to be more powerful in lowering lipid content than alternative [→3)-α- l -Fuc p (1→] and [→4)-α- l -Fuc p (1→] glycosyls (type II fucosyl chains) in A. nodosum -derived fucoidans. 20–23 However, their detailed roles need to be clarified in combination with uronic acid reduction, desulfurization, and glycosyl degradation experiments. Moreover, it cannot be rolled out that the higher content of galactose in L. japonica -derived fucoidan, mainly [→6)- d -Gal p (1→] glycosyls, 67–69 and the M w may also contribute to their hypolipidemic differences.…”

“…Interestingly, L. japonica -derived fucoidans are demonstrated to bear type I fucosyl chains that consist of repeating [→3)α- l -Fuc p (1→] glycosyls with sulfate groups primarily linked to O-4 and/or O-2 positions, and the backbone may be branched at C-2 and/or C-4 positions; while A. nodosum -derived fucoidans are found to have type II fucosyl chains that are composed of alternative [→3)-α- l -Fuc p (1→] and [→4)-α- l -Fuc p (1→] glycosyls with sulfate groups mainly linked to O-2 and O-3 or O-4 positions, and this kind of backbone may be branched at C-2 positions. 20–23 Due to their significant regional and particularly structural differences, it is interesting to compare their lipid-modulatory effects and mechanisms of action using atherosclerotic models. Mechanistically, activation of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) is believed to attenuate hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.…”