Fuel cell hardware-in-loop

Moore, Robert M.; Hauer, Karl-Heinz; Randolf, Guenter; Virji, Mebs

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.06.066

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…[10][11][12][13] Experimental investigations of large-scale hardware interactions were conducted by Moore et al 10 The hardware-in-loop concept is a valuable tool to probe interactions in fuel cell systems. The authors of this study observed that current and gas flow transients followed the set points with high accuracy, but no information was given on the cell potential transients or outlet gas conditions, which would have given some clues as to the performance and internal state of the fuel cell itself.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of Transient Flooding in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Using Time-Resolved Neutron Radiography

Hickner

Siegel²,

Chen

et al. 2010

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The generation and transport of water in both liquid and gas phases during device operation are important areas to understand both steady state and transient performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Localized concentrations of liquid water within the cell can cause flooding, which leads to decreases in cell performance, fuel starvation, degradation, or, in extreme cases, collapse of cell output. A variety of experimental and simulation techniques have been used to elucidate flooding events; yet, a comprehensive understanding of what leads to flooding and the specific details of how flooding affects fuel cell performance, especially during transient operation, have not been completely developed. The work reported here couples direct observations of liquid water flooding, primarily in the gas flow channel, with measurements of cell performance, outlet temperature, and outlet dew point during a step change in current density. Liquid water buildup and water slug dynamics were monitored with the temperature and electrical performance of the cell in real time. The size of the water slugs was connected to the cell performance to illustrate how the liquid water influences cell operation and how the conditions of the cathode gas flow control the liquid water content of the cell.Flooding of proton exchange membrane fuel cells ͑PEMFCs͒ by liquid water is currently one of the most critical topics in applied fuel cell research. As the current density of PEMFCs increases due to improvements in materials, operating strategies, and cell fabrication techniques, proper water and thermal management become crucial to maintaining durability and high performance over a wide range of operating conditions. Many modeling and experimental investigations have explored the concept of flooding over a broad operational space, but no unified picture of liquid water transport and the factors that lead to flooding currently exists. As a consequence of the lack of fundamental understanding in this area and the dearth of detailed experimental data concerning coupled cell performance and water saturation measurements, the concept of flooding itself is ill-defined. There may be flooding in the catalyst layers, the gas diffusion layer ͑GDL͒ ͑microporous or macroporous layers͒, or the gas flow channel, 1 and it is often not clear which regime is being probed experimentally when channel-level and cell-level data on liquid water content are not available. Many fuel cell practitioners point to the effects of "flooding" as a cause of mass-transport limitations; however, as was demonstrated previously, 2 not all masstransport limitations can be ascribed to flooding by liquid water.Past studies have successfully employed neutron radiography to image the liquid water content in operating PEMFCs. 3,4 Most of the work reported to date has dealt with measuring the steady-state water content distribution across the active area of the cell and, more recently, the steady-state water distribution through the thickness plane of the membrane electrode asse...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of Transient Flooding in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Using Time-Resolved Neutron Radiography

Hickner

Siegel²,

Chen

et al. 2010

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…A DC electric load draws power from the FC as if it was being drawn out by a real-life vehicle. Moore et al 71 describes a similar arrangement (Figure 11) with greater attention on controlling the temperature and humidity around the cell.…”

Section: Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of component-in-the-loop: Cyber-physical experiments for rapid system development and integration

Fagcang

Stobart

Steffen

2022

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

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To meet rising demands in performance and emissions compliance, companies are driven to develop systems of ever-increasing complexity. In-the-loop methods use a hybrid approach combining a physical subsystem with a virtual subsystem in real-time that can make product development processes faster and cheaper, enabling physical subsystems to be tested in real-world conditions while they are immersed in virtual environment simulation. These techniques evolved from being used solely in controller development with only the embedded controller placed as hardware-in-the-loop (HIL), to being a more holistic technique for system synthesis, capable of both component- and system-level studies. This paper delves into the development of the latter form, henceforth referred to as ‘component-in-the-loop’ or CIL. It provides a literature review of the growing uses of the technique in automotive development, giving a general implementation guidance in system architecture, methodology and control system structure. Furthermore, it suggests the need to clarify terminologies related to in-the-loop methods for a more efficient taxonomy. Definitions are proposed where deemed appropriate. In the age of search engines, this should facilitate knowledge transfer within and across disciplines. Finally, it highlights the key challenges in constructing such systems while discussing attempted solutions. CIL has reached a state of maturity where it is ready for wider adoption and continued technological progress will only push its potential further.

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“…The detailed basis of this Fuel Cell HiL example is presented in the literature [1]. The discussion of the specific FCV simulation tool used for the application simulation in this presentation is limited to only a broad outline, sufficient to understand the Fuel Cell HiL process.…”

Section: An Example Implementation For a Fuel Cell Vehiclementioning

confidence: 99%