Fuel cell systems for long-endurance autonomous underwater vehicles – challenges and benefits

Weydahl, Helge; Gilljam, Martin; Lian, Torleif; Johannessen, Tom C.; Holm, Sven Ivar; Hasvold, Jon Øistein

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.05.035

Cited by 78 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Many other reviews describe the development of fuel cell vessels and potential of hydrogen for maritime and submarine applications. [154][155][156][157][158] Hydrogen fuelled submarines have about 300 kW FC and the storage system is based on an AB2 alloy, which works between 20 and 50 °C. [128] Another example of application in the maritime sector is for the AB2 alloy (Ti0.93Zr0.05)(Mn0.73V0.22Fe0.04)2 used for the canal boat Ross Barlow, in UK, [159] where eight cylinders containing about 30 kg of metal hydride powder each were used and 4 kg of H2 were stored and used to supply a 1 kW PEM FC, which allows 10 h of operation.…”

Section: Hydride-based Systems Available At Industrial Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Solid-State Hydrogen Storage: Materials, Systems and the Relevance of a Gender Perspective

Em¹,

Barale²,

Corno³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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This paper aims at addressing the exploitation of solid-state carriers for hydrogen storage, with attention paid both to the technical aspects, through a wide review of the available integrated systems, and to the social aspects, through a preliminary overview of the connected impacts from a gender perspective. As for the technical perspective, carriers to be used for solid-state hydrogen storage for various applications can be classified into two classes: metal and complex hydrides. Related crystal structures and corresponding hydrogen sorption properties are reviewed and discussed. Fundamentals of thermodynamics of hydrogen sorption evidences the key role of the enthalpy of reaction, which determines the operating conditions (i.e. temperatures and pressures). In addition, it rules the heat to be removed from the tank during hydrogen absorption and to be delivered to the tank during hydrogen desorption. Suitable values for the enthalpy of hydrogen sorption reaction for operating conditions close to ambient (i.e. room temperature and 1-10 bar of hydrogen) are close to 30 kJ·molH2 1. The kinetics of hydrogen sorption reaction is strongly related to the microstructure and to the morphology (i.e. loose powder or pellets) of the carriers. Usually, kinetics of hydrogen sorption reaction is rather fast, and the thermal management of the tank is the rate determining step of the processes. As for the social perspective, various scenarios for the applications in different socio-economic contexts of solid-state hydrogen storage technologies are described. As it occurs with the exploitation of other renewables innovative technologies, a wide consideration of the social factors connected to these processes is needed to assess the extent to which a specific innovation might produce positive or negative impacts in the recipient socio-economic system and to explore the potential role of the social components and dynamics in fostering the diffusion of the innovation itself. Attention has been addressed to the gender perspective, in view of the enhancement of hydrogen-related energy storage systems, intended both in terms of the role of women in triggering the exploitation of hydrogen-based storage as well as to the impact of this innovation in their current conditions, at work and in daily life.

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Section: Hydride-based Systems Available At Industrial Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Solid-State Hydrogen Storage: Materials, Systems and the Relevance of a Gender Perspective

Em¹,

Barale²,

Corno³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…There are many AUV power-pack commercial systems for underwater energy storage, such as the magnesium-seawater battery system [62], the Li-ion battery pressurized module, or aluminium-hydrogen peroxide (Al/H 2 O 2 ) semi-fuel-cell [63], depending on the power or design requirements. The ENDURUNS project develops a novel energy-source system, based on hydrogen fuel cells [64]. The AUV can autonomously plan its energy requirements based on its sensors-system collecting operational data.…”

Section: Power Pack and Energy Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

ENDURUNS: An Integrated and Flexible Approach for Seabed Survey Through Autonomous Mobile Vehicles

Marini

Gjeci²,

Govindaraj

et al. 2020

JMSE

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The oceans cover more than two-thirds of the planet, representing the vastest part of natural resources. Nevertheless, only a fraction of the ocean depths has been explored. Within this context, this article presents the H2020 ENDURUNS project that describes a novel scientific and technological approach for prolonged underwater autonomous operations of seabed survey activities, either in the deep ocean or in coastal areas. The proposed approach combines a hybrid Autonomous Underwater Vehicle capable of moving using either thrusters or as a sea glider, combined with an Unmanned Surface Vehicle equipped with satellite communication facilities for interaction with a land station. Both vehicles are equipped with energy packs that combine hydrogen fuel cells and Li-ion batteries to provide extended duration of the survey operations. The Unmanned Surface Vehicle employs photovoltaic panels to increase the autonomy of the vehicle. Since these missions generate a large amount of data, both vehicles are equipped with onboard Central Processing units capable of executing data analysis and compression algorithms for the semantic classification and transmission of the acquired data.

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“…Their simple construction and non-use of fossil fuels gave them the ability to work for a long time without the need to replace their damaged parts. Fuel cells have unlimited operating time, higher power density and therefore greater storage capacity to outperform the advantages of a simple battery and rechargeable battery [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuel Cells as a Source of Green Energy

Nafil¹,

Majeed²

2020

Thermodynamics and Energy Engineering

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A fuel cell is an effective tool for extracting chemical energy from a special type of gaseous fuel other than fossil fuels. It is expected to be a replacement for thermal engines and rechargeable batteries within the next few years as they are emissionfree and not subjected to Carnot restrictions. The fuel cell can be manufactured in different sizes depending on the amount of energy required, where it can be too small to be used in precision equipment or large enough to work as electrical stations. This proposal shows a demonstration of the principle of work involved in the fuel cells, structure components, and practice ideas to enhance the output power.

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Fuel cell systems for long-endurance autonomous underwater vehicles – challenges and benefits

Cited by 78 publications

References 17 publications

Solid-State Hydrogen Storage: Materials, Systems and the Relevance of a Gender Perspective

Solid-State Hydrogen Storage: Materials, Systems and the Relevance of a Gender Perspective

ENDURUNS: An Integrated and Flexible Approach for Seabed Survey Through Autonomous Mobile Vehicles

Fuel Cells as a Source of Green Energy

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