Fuel cells: Materials needs and advances

Abstract

Fuel cells are highly efficient electrochemical energy-conversion devices with a wide application potential, spanning from portable power sources to stationary power generation. They are typically categorized according to their operating temperature, for example, low temperature (<100°C), intermediate temperature (450‒800°C) and high temperature (>800°C). Recently, reduced temperature fuel cells operating at 200‒400°C have also received considerable attention for their multiple benefits. A single fuel cell is composed of a porous anode for fuel oxidation, a dense electrolyte for ion transportation, and a porous cathode for oxygen reduction. Due to their different functions and operating environments, each layer of the cell faces unique materials requirements in terms of ionic and electronic conductivity, chemical and mechanical stability, thermal expansion, etc. This article gives a thorough perspective on the challenges and recent advances in anode, electrolyte, and cathode materials for the various types of fuel cells. Emerging fuel cells operating at 200‒400°C are also discussed and commented. Finally, the key areas of need and major opportunities for further research in the field are outlined. Graphical abstract

Exploring Recent Developments in Graphene-Based Cathode Materials for Fuel Cell Applications: A Comprehensive Overview

“…This structure keeps the inside nanometal particles from sintering and aids grain refining. In order to optimize oxygen surface exchange kinetics, cathode material possessing a porous 3D microstructure serves to reduce concentration polarization and enhance the functional electrode surface area by adding nano-catalysts over the electrode interface [ 127 ]. A core–shell structure was pre-formed as a result of the creation of electrode particles.…”