Fuel Effects in Auto/Oil High Emitting Vehicles

Knepper, Jay C.; Koehl, William J.; Benson, Jack D.; Burns, Vaughn R.; Gorse, Robert A.; Hochhauser, Albert M.; Leppard, William R.; Rapp, Larry A.; Reuter, Robert M.

doi:10.4271/930137

Cited by 34 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…We also conducted an analysis of HC speciation from seven high-emitting vehicles tested as part of the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program. 8 This analysis also showed that total alkene concentration correlated best to overall HC concentration in exhaust. In this analysis, of all HC types, alkanes correlated most poorly to total HC concentration, but still correlated reasonably well (r 2 = 0.79).…”

Section: Hc/co 2 Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 71%

An Experimental Evaluation of Remote Sensing-Based Hydrocarbon Measurements: A Comparison to FID Measurements

Stephens¹,

Mulawa²,

Giles³

et al. 1996

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The purpose of this study was to intercompare hydrocarbon (HC) measurements performed by a number of different instruments: a gas chromatograph (GC), a flame ionization detector (FID), a fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), a commercially produced non-dispersive infrared analyzer (NDIR), and two remote sensors. These instruments were used to measure total HC concentrations in a variety of samples, including (1) ten different individual HC species, (2) 12 different vehicle exhaust samples, and (3) three different volatilized fuel samples. The 12 exhaust samples were generated by operating two different vehicles on a dynamometer. Each vehicle was operated at different times with three different fuels. The vehicles were operated fuel rich, i.e., with low air/fuel ratios to encourage elevated exhaust HC levels. Some of the exhaust samples were obtained while operating each vehicle at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio with one spark plug wire disconnected.To quantify the degree to which the various instruments agreed with the FID, a parameter called the response factor was used, where the response factor was defined as the HC/CO 2 ratio measured by each instrument divided by the HC/CO 2 ratio measured by the dynamometer bench. Of the various instruments, only the GC yielded response factors that were consistently at or close to one. The other instruments typically had values at or below one. For the ten individual HC species studied, the NDIR and remote sensors obtained response factors between 0.05 and 1.0, with the IMPLICATIONSThe data in this report suggest that remote sensors can accurately measure CO emissions but have large errors in measuring HC emissions. For this reason, remote sensors should not be relied upon to measure the inventory of inuse vehicle exhaust hydrocarbon emissions. Furthermore, when used to identify high emitting vehicles, remote sensors can be expected to have a higher error of omission for detection of high hydrocarbon emitters than that obtained for high CO emitters.highest response factors being obtained for the alkanes and the lowest response factors obtained for toluene and ethylene.For the exhaust samples, the NDIR and remote sensors obtained response factors between 0.23 and 0.68. For raw fuel samples, the response factors were between 0.44 and 0.68. NDIR and remote sensor measurements correlated very poorly with total HC in exhaust. INTRODUCTIONThe use of remote sensors to measure vehicle exhaust emissions is gaining widespread acceptance. These devices are being used to measure fleet average emissions and/or to identify high carbon monoxide (CO) and/or high hydrocarbon (HC) emissions from in-use vehicles.

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Section: Hc/co 2 Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 71%

An Experimental Evaluation of Remote Sensing-Based Hydrocarbon Measurements: A Comparison to FID Measurements

Stephens¹,

Mulawa²,

Giles³

et al. 1996

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…Knepper et al (5) worked with a group of seven MY 1986-1987 vehicles selected for their high emission characteristics. The oxyfuel effects were tested with a 3.65 wt % oxygen ethanol fuel and 2.76 and 2.54 wt % oxygen MTBE fuels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Implications on the Oxygenation of Gasoline with Ethanol in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City

Schifter

Vera

Díaz

et al. 2001

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Motor vehicle emission tests were performed on 12 inuse light duty vehicles, made up of the most representative emission control technologies in Mexico City: no catalyst, oxidative catalyst, and three way catalyst. Exhaust regulated (CO, NO x , and hydrocarbons) and toxic (benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene) emissions were evaluated for MTBE (5 vol %)-and ethanol (3, 6, and 10 vol %)-gasoline blends. The most significant overall emissions variations derived from the use of 6 vol % ethanol (relative to a 5% MTBE base gasoline) were 16% decrease in CO, 28% reduction in formaldehyde, and 80% increase in acetaldehyde emissions. A 26% reduction in CO emissions from the oldest fleet (

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“…Subsequent emission tests on vehicles with higher TOG and CO exhaust emissions have shown that fuel effects in lower and higher exhaust emitters are similar except for the sulfur effect (50). However, there are other limitations of the modeling results as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photochemical Modeling of the Impact of Fuels and Vehicles on Urban Ozone Using Auto/Oil Program Data

Dunker

Morris²,

Pollack³

et al. 1996

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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An extensive set of emission tests has been conducted in the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program on different fuel/vehicle systems. These emission tests have been used to model the impact of fuel/ vehicle changes on ozone formation in Los Angeles, Dallas-Fort Worth, and New York in 1995 and 2005/2010. Light-duty vehicles are estimated to contribute 28-37% of the peak ozone in 1980/1985, decreasing to 7-18% in 1995, and further decreasing to 5-9% in 2005/2010. Gasoline changes that show promise in reducing the contribution of light-duty vehicles to ozone formation are reductions in olefin content, 90% distillation temperature, sulfur content, and vapor pressure. Results for a methanol/gasoline blend (M85) used in prototype flexible/variable fuel vehicles depend on the assumptions used to project future M85 emissions. A research test gasoline produced less ozone than the M85 cases in Los Angeles and New York and either more or less ozone than M85 in Dallas-Fort Worth, depending on the assumptions. Sensitivity tests for Los Angeles addressed uncertainties in the overall magnitude of emissions from light-duty vehicles, in the biogenic inventory, and in the representation of the atmospheric chemistry.

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Fuel Effects in Auto/Oil High Emitting Vehicles

Cited by 34 publications

References 1 publication

An Experimental Evaluation of Remote Sensing-Based Hydrocarbon Measurements: A Comparison to FID Measurements

An Experimental Evaluation of Remote Sensing-Based Hydrocarbon Measurements: A Comparison to FID Measurements

Environmental Implications on the Oxygenation of Gasoline with Ethanol in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City

Photochemical Modeling of the Impact of Fuels and Vehicles on Urban Ozone Using Auto/Oil Program Data

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