“…The transportation, handling, and storage costs associated with garden waste, particularly dry leaf litter, are high due to its low density (50 to 100 kg/m 3 ) [23]. Hence, densification through processes like pelletization or briquette is crucial, enhancing energy density and biomass characteristics [32,33]. Garden waste's inherent lignin and moisture content make it a suitable candidate for pelletization, acting as a binding agent during heated pelletization without needing an external binder 8 [34,35].…”