Fuel Properties Associated With Catalytic Conversion of Plastics

A review of the valorization and management of industrial spent catalyst waste in the context of sustainable practice: The case of the State of Kuwait in parallel to European industry

“…These processes will typically utilize various types of catalysts for upgrading products and distillates such as HZSM-5 and PZSM-5 (Demirbaş, 2005). These processes also revolve around the concept of oils and HC cracking to achieve the desired products acceptable to the marketplace and standards (Al-Salem, 2019; Chandrasekaran and Sharma, 2019a; Vasile et al, 2001). Further upgrading for the generated products can also be achieved with catalytic reforming in the petroleum downstream industry (Hafeez et al, 2019; Muhammad et al, 2015; Sharma and Bansal, 2016; Sharma et al, 2014; Sharuddin et al, 2016).…”

“…These processes will typically utilise various types of catalysts for upgrading products and distillates such as HZSM-5 and PZSM-5 (Demirbaş, 2005). These processes also revolve around the concept of oils and hydrocarbon (HC) cracking to achieve the desired products acceptable to the marketplace and standards (Vasile et al, 2001;Chandrasekaran and Sharma, 2019a;Al-Salem, 2019).…”

The Use of Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Chemical Valorization of Plastic Waste

“…[54] There are many reviews that cover the pyrolysis, hydrocracking, and gasification of plastic waste with emphasis on the technique (i. e., operating conditions) and specific end product. [5,11,23,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] Here, we present a comprehensive review of the various catalysts that have investigated for PSW conversion, focusing on the effects of catalyst properties on the outcome of the plastic conversion. This review aims to draw a connection between the impact of the textural properties of the catalyst and its performance for plastic conversion with hopes that this can be a useful resource for the development and design of future improved plastic waste conversion catalysts.…”

“…Thermal cracking is attractive because it can be carried out locally at waste collection and plastic segregation points with technologies that are environmentally friendly while yielding desirable materials [27] . The product outcome is largely dependent on the process conditions (i. e., temperature) and composition of the plastic waste and because of this, the production of low molecular weight materials requires high operation temperatures ( T >500 °C) [2,6,11,12,14–16,23–52] . Along with the dependence on pyrolysis temperature, thermal cracking yields a broad range of hydrocarbons with respect to the carbon number, making the large‐scale production of renewable materials (the main goal of the circular economy), transportation‐quality fuels (secondary products), and valuable chemicals difficult.…”

“…There are many reviews that cover the pyrolysis, hydrocracking, and gasification of plastic waste with emphasis on the technique (i. e., operating conditions) and specific end product [5,11,23,27–39,41–52,54–63] . Here, we present a comprehensive review of the various catalysts that have investigated for PSW conversion, focusing on the effects of catalyst properties on the outcome of the plastic conversion.…”