Fuel quality of stored wood chips – Influence of semi-permeable covering material

Anerud, Erik; Jirjis, Raída; Larsson, Gunnar; Eliasson, L.

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.157

Cited by 27 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The results from this trial are in line with previous findings that indicate a decline in the rate of DML after long storage time (Jirjis, 1995;Anerud et al, 2018). However, the DML found in the SS trial were significantly higher than the 7.3% reported for a 7 month storage of logging residues chips in a SS pile (Anerud et al, 2018). During the first 2 months, the moisture content in the SS pile was the same or slightly lower than the initial moisture content of the harvested FC, but after 2 months it was consistently higher and reached up to 80%.…”

Section: Dry Matter Loss and Quality Change During Storagesupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Determination of DML at two additional sampling periods at much later dates showed no additional loss of dry matter between storage days 141-284, which includes the winter season, and slight increase of DML at a rate of 0.7% per month for the remaining of the storage. The results from this trial are in line with previous findings that indicate a decline in the rate of DML after long storage time (Jirjis, 1995;Anerud et al, 2018). However, the DML found in the SS trial were significantly higher than the 7.3% reported for a 7 month storage of logging residues chips in a SS pile (Anerud et al, 2018).…”

Section: Dry Matter Loss and Quality Change During Storagesupporting

confidence: 91%

“…At the end of the storage the moisture content in the core of the WS pile was 43-45% for all three FC groups. Differing moisture contents across different layers of the pile have been reported previously in the literature (Jirjis, 2005;Anerud et al, 2018;Therasme et al, 2019). For this trial, the differences between the moisture content in the shell and the core could be attributed to: (1) the high temperature recorded in the core of the WS during the first 2 months, thus facilitating the evaporation in the core, (2) low ambient air temperature limiting the evaporation in the outside layer (shell) of the pile, (3) addition of moisture to the shell of the pile through precipitation and exposure to air humidity.…”

Section: Dry Matter Loss and Quality Change During Storagesupporting

confidence: 52%

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Hot Water Extracted and Non-extracted Willow Biomass Storage Performance: Fuel Quality Changes and Dry Matter Losses

et al. 2020

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Dry matter losses (DML) and fuel quality changes occurring in storage piles are important parameters for the management of any biomass supply system. This study evaluates the effect of a hot water extraction pretreatment, harvest season, depth in storage pile and initial moisture content on willow biomass fuel quality [moisture, ash, higher (HHV) heating value and lower (LHV) heating value] during storage, and models DML in storage piles based on experimental data. For the summer storage (SS) pile, mesh bags containing freshly harvested chips (FC) were inserted at 0.5-1 m deep in the pile. For the winter storage pile (WS), the mesh bags were filled with FC and hot water extracted chips (HC) with three different initial moisture contents inserted in the shell (<0.45 cm) and the core (1-1.5 m) of the pile. The ash contents through all sampling periods were in the range of 1.1-2.2% for FC and 0.6-2.1% for HC from both the shell and core of the WS pile. Higher ash contents, in the range of 2.1-3.4%, were observed in SS pile. Moisture contents of the storage piles had differing patterns over time. DML was the highest in the SS pile, reaching up to 33.6% after 140 days in storage; in contrast, there was no significant increase in DML over the first winter season. Although DML of FC and HC were in the same range during the initial storage period, DML of HC was 40% lower than FC after 180 days of storage. Higher DML was observed in the core (e.g., 17.3% for FC) compared to the shell (e.g., 12.1% for FC) at the end of the WS trial. There was no particular trend observed between initial moisture and DML. This study suggests that a linear model is sufficient to estimate DML, but a non-linear model may be needed for chips stored in SS piles for 6 months or longer. It also suggests that DML is reduced in storage piles created in winter, and that willow chips kept in SS should be utilized within 2 months for a DML below a 10% threshold.

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Section: Dry Matter Loss and Quality Change During Storagesupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Dry Matter Loss and Quality Change During Storagesupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Dry Matter Loss and Quality Change During Storagesupporting

confidence: 52%

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Hot Water Extracted and Non-extracted Willow Biomass Storage Performance: Fuel Quality Changes and Dry Matter Losses

et al. 2020

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“…DML during terminal storage were 12-43% higher when supplying the CHP than when supplying the BR (Table 10). When managing terminals, DML should be minimised by using optimal storage methods, as shown by [67], and finding a balance between maintaining low storage levels and being able to rapidly fulfil demand when required [68].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation-Based Cost Analysis of Industrial Supply of Chips from Logging Residues and Small-Diameter Trees

Fernandez-Lacruz

Eriksson

Bergström

2019

Forests

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Research Highlights: The use of terminals can increase supply costs by 5–11% (when compared to direct supply), but terminals help secure supply during peak demand and cope with operational problems in the supply fleet in cases where direct supply chains would be unable to meet demand on time. Background and Objectives: This work analyses the supply cost of chipped logging residues and small-diameter trees, from chipping at roadside storages to delivery to the end-user. Factors considered include demand curves (based on the requirements of a theoretical combined heat and power plant or biorefinery); demand volume; and mode of supply (direct or combined via terminal). The impact of longer trucking distances from the sites, and supply integration between forest and other land (varying relocation distances) was also assessed. Materials and Methods: The operational environment and work of a theoretical chip supplier in northern Sweden were modelled and simulated in ExtendSim®. Results: The mean supply cost of chips was 9% higher on average for combined chains than for direct chains. Given a high demand, 8% of the annual demand could not be delivered on time without using a terminal. High supply integration of forest and other land reduced supply costs by 2%. Contractors’ annual workloads were evened out by direct supply to the biorefinery (which has a relatively steady demand) or supply via-terminal independently of the end-user. Keeping distinct chips from different sites (implying that trucks were not always fully loaded) instead of mixing chips from different sites until the trucks were fully loaded increased supply costs by 12%. Conclusions: Terminals increase supply costs, but can enable demand to be met on time when direct supply chains alone might fail. Integrated supply planning could reduce supply costs by increasing the utilization of residual biomass from other land.

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“…The moisture content of biomass was found to be proportional to the dry matter loss; thus dried forest residues had 6.6% dry matter loss whereas fresh materials lost 15.6% dry mass after 6-month storage [10]. It was reported that the dry matter losses were 5.8% and 7.3% from stored biomass with/without cover respectively after seven-month storage [30]. In a study on the storage of wood chips for one year, Tumuluru et al observed a reduction in the heating value of woody biomass by 25-55% due to biochemical reactions and moisture adsorption [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Moisture on Gas Emissions from Stored Woody Biomass

Lau

Sokhansanj

2019

Energies

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Biomass materials have been increasingly used due to their renewable nature. The problems occurring during the storage of fresh woody materials include gas emissions and dry matter losses as a result of degradation. The objective of this study was to investigate and quantify the effect of moisture content on gas emissions from stored wood chips. Experiments were conducted under non-aerobic and aerobic conditions using fresh Western Red Cedar (WRC) chips with different initial moisture contents over a range of temperatures. The peak CO2 emission factor of 2.9 g/kg dry matter (DM) was observed from high moisture chips at 20 °C under non-aerobic conditions after two-month storage, which was an order of magnitude greater than that from low moisture chips. In the case of volatile organic compounds, a range of compounds were detected from all tests. The concentration of VOCs was found to be positively correlated with moisture content. Gas emissions from the aerobic reactors exhibited similar trends as non-aerobic reactors with respect to the effect of moisture content, although higher values were observed under aerobic conditions. Slight reduction of dry mass from all tests at the end of storage indicated the decay-resistance characteristics of WRC.

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Fuel quality of stored wood chips – Influence of semi-permeable covering material

Cited by 27 publications

References 18 publications

Hot Water Extracted and Non-extracted Willow Biomass Storage Performance: Fuel Quality Changes and Dry Matter Losses

Hot Water Extracted and Non-extracted Willow Biomass Storage Performance: Fuel Quality Changes and Dry Matter Losses

Simulation-Based Cost Analysis of Industrial Supply of Chips from Logging Residues and Small-Diameter Trees

Effect of Moisture on Gas Emissions from Stored Woody Biomass

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