Fuel saving strategy using real-time switching of the fueling regulators in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell system

Bizon, Nicu

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113449

Cited by 18 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…Experimental tests have been performed for the first strategies (such as [3,4]) proposed in the research grant mentioned in the Acknowledgments section, but these will continue for recently proposed advanced strategies [14,[45][46][47], including the strategy detailed in this paper. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by a grant of the Ministry of National Education and Scientific Research, Romania, CNCS/CCCDI-UEFISCDI, within PNCDI III, code PN-III P1-1.2-PCCDI2017-0332 and title "Increasing the institutional capacity of bioeconomic research for the innovative exploitation of the indigenous vegetal resources in order to obtain horticultural products with high added value", and within PNCDI III, code PN-III P2-2.1-PED-2016-1223, number #53PED and title "Experimental validation of a propulsion system with hydrogen fuel cell for a light vehicle -Mobility with Hydrogen Demonstrator".…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Better Fuel Economy by Optimizing Airflow of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems Using Fuel Flow-Based Load-Following Control

et al. 2019

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In this paper, the results of the sensitivity analysis applied to a fuel cell hybrid power system using a fuel economy strategy is analyzed in order to select the best values of the parameters involved in fuel consumption optimization. The fuel economy strategy uses the fuel and air flow rates to efficiently operate the proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) system based on the load-following control and the global extremum seeking (GES) algorithm. The load-following control will ensure the charge-sustained mode for the batteries’ stack, improving its lifetime. The optimization function’s optimum, which is defined to improve the fuel economy, will be tracked in real-time by two GES algorithms that will generate the references for the controller of the boost DC-DC converter and air regulator. The optimization function and performance indicators (such as FC net power, FC electrical efficiency, fuel efficiency, and fuel economy) have a multimodal behavior in dithers’ frequency. Furthermore, the optimum in the considered range of frequencies depends on the load level. So, the best value could be selected as the frequency where the optimum is obtained for the most load levels. Considering a dither frequency of 100 Hz selected as the best value, the sensitivity analysis of the fuel economy is further analyzed for different values of the weighting parameter keff, highlighting the multimodal feature in the parameters for the optimization function and fuel economy as well. A keff value around of 20 lpm/W seems to give the best fuel economy in the full range of load.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Better Fuel Economy by Optimizing Airflow of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems Using Fuel Flow-Based Load-Following Control

et al. 2019

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“…V FC •I FC = P FCgen = P FCnet P FC − P cm (5) where η boost is the efficiency of the DC-DC converter; P FC and P FC(net) is the FC-generated power and FC net power, respectively; and P cm represents the power losses of the air compressor that is modeled using ( 6) and a 2nd order dynamic system with a 100 Hz natural frequency and 0.7 damping ratio [39,40]:…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is worth mentioning that after the transitory regime, the stationary values are almost zero [40], resulting in a negligible ripple of FC power and a 99.9% tracking accuracy [43].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Fuel Economy and Battery Lifespan in Fuel Cell/Renewable Hybrid Power Systems Using the Power-Following Control of the Fueling Regulators

et al. 2020

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In this study, the performance and safe operation of the fuel cell (FC) system and battery-based energy storage system (ESS) included in an FC/ESS/renewable hybrid power system (HPS) is fully analyzed under dynamic load and variable power from renewable sources. Power-following control (PFC) is used for either the air regulator or the fuel regulator of the FC system, or it is switched to the inputs of the air and hydrogen regulators based on a threshold of load demand; these strategies are referred to as air-PFC, fuel-PFC, and air/fuel-PFC, respectively. The performance and safe operation of the FC system and battery-based ESS under these strategies is compared to the static feed-forward (sFF) control used by most commercial strategies implemented in FC systems, FC/renewable HPSs, and FC vehicles. This study highlights the benefits of using a PFC-based strategy to establish FC-system fueling flows, in addition to an optimal control of the boost power converter to maximize fuel economy. For example, the fuel economy for a 6 kW FC system using the air/fuel-PFC strategy compared to the strategies air-PFC, fuel-PFC, and the sFF benchmark is 6.60%, 7.53%, and 12.60% of the total hydrogen consumed by these strategies under a load profile of up and down the stairs using 1 kW/2 s per step. For an FC/ESS/renewable system, the fuel economy of an air/fuel-PFC strategy compared to same strategies is 7.28%, 8.23%, and 13.43%, which is better by about 0.7% because an FC system operates at lower power due to the renewable energy available in this case study.

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“…where P FC and P cm are the FC stack power and the power losses of the air compressor, and V FC and I FC are the voltage and the current of the FC stack. The compressor power losses can be modeled by (5) in series with a 2nd order dynamic system having 100 Hz natural frequency and 0.7 damping ratio [70,71]:…”

Section: Design Of the Power-tracking Control (Ptc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable/Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System Operation Using Two Search Controllers of the Optimal Power Needed on the DC Bus

et al. 2020

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In this paper, the optimal and safe operation of a hybrid power system based on a fuel cell system and renewable energy sources is analyzed. The needed DC power resulting from the power flow balance on the DC bus is ensured by the FC system via the air regulator or the fuel regulator controlled by the power-tracking control reference or both regulators using a switched mode of the above-mentioned reference. The optimal operation of a fuel cell system is ensured by a search for the maximum of multicriteria-based optimization functions focused on fuel economy under perturbation, such as variable renewable energy and dynamic load on the DC bus. Two search controllers based on the global extremum seeking scheme are involved in this search via the remaining fueling regulator and the boost DC–DC converter. Thus, the fuel economy strategies based on the control of the air regulator and the fuel regulator, respectively, on the control of both fueling regulators are analyzed in this study. The fuel savings compared to fuel consumed using the static feed-forward control are 6.63%, 4.36% and 13.72%, respectively, under dynamic load but without renewable power. With renewable power, the needed fuel cell power on the DC bus is lower, so the fuel cell system operates more efficiently. These percentages are increased to 7.28%, 4.94% and 14.97%.

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Fuel saving strategy using real-time switching of the fueling regulators in the proton exchange membrane fuel cell system

Cited by 18 publications

References 108 publications

Better Fuel Economy by Optimizing Airflow of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems Using Fuel Flow-Based Load-Following Control

Better Fuel Economy by Optimizing Airflow of the Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Systems Using Fuel Flow-Based Load-Following Control

Improving the Fuel Economy and Battery Lifespan in Fuel Cell/Renewable Hybrid Power Systems Using the Power-Following Control of the Fueling Regulators

Renewable/Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System Operation Using Two Search Controllers of the Optimal Power Needed on the DC Bus

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