Fuels for Automobiles: The Sustainable Future

Towoju, Olumide Adewole

doi:10.9734/jenrr/2021/v7i330191

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Climate change has led to an increment of average temperatures [1][2][3]5,8]. The relatively warmer temperature is a recipe for increased rainfall [5].…”

Section: Hydropower Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, generation from these renewable energy sources are peaked during some period of the day, and supply is in excess of demand. This excess energy can be stored by utilizing it in the generation of synthetic fuel, a Carbon-neutral fuel [2]. The synthetic fuel can be utilized to generate electricity in extreme cold weather when other forms of renewables fail.…”

Section: Synthetic Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antifreeze are usually additives to liquid fuels, and this in synthetic fuels will make it resistant to freezing during harsh weather. An advantage of utilizing synthetic fuel as an energy storage and electricity generation source is that it is a high energy carrier just like other liquid fuels, and can fit in the existing liquid fuel storage systems [2].…”

Section: Synthetic Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fossil fuels are principally carbonaceous substances. The average temperature rise over pre-industrial levels is fast approaching 10C [1][2][3]. The percentage contribution of electricity and heat generation processes to greenhouse gases emission is about twenty-five [1,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electricity Generation from Hydro, Wind, Solar and the Environment

Towoju¹,

Oladele²

2021

ETJ

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 Electricity generation pose an impact on the environment.  The use of fossils for electricity generation contributes to GHG emissions.  Reducing GHG emissions requires a shift to electricity generation from renewables.  Climate change can affect the efficiency of renewable electricity generation.  Renewable electricity generated synthetic fuels can be used during harsh conditions.Human actions such as electricity generation are contributory causes of climate change. In a quest to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases associated with electricity generation from fossil fuels, the world is turning to renewables. Renewable sources, however, also do have an impact on the environment. Likewise, renewable electricity generation is also dependent on the climate. Hydro, Wind, and Solar are the popular renewable energy sources for the generation of electricity. This work reviews the impact of these renewables in electricity generation on the environment. It also considers the effect of climate change on its use. The construction of renewable electricity generating plants leads to habitat disruptions and can also cause fatalities. Climate change weighs an enormous impact on the performance of renewable electricity generating plants. The recent blackout experienced in Texas as a result of the cold weather is a good example. The end of extreme weather conditions is not yet, and the need to start preparing to prevent a blackout re-occurrence. A possible solution for sustainable renewable electricity generation in extreme weather conditions lies in synthetic fuel availability.

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“…Climate change has led to an increment of average temperatures [1][2][3]5,8]. The relatively warmer temperature is a recipe for increased rainfall [5].…”

Section: Hydropower Generationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthetic Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthetic Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electricity Generation from Hydro, Wind, Solar and the Environment

Towoju¹,

Oladele²

2021

ETJ

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“…This can be done by biogenic or synthetic fuels. As the availability of renewable fuels is likely to be a challenge and the costs are expected to be higher than for fossil fuels, the future efforts for efficiency improvement will be driven by economic, rather than ecological reasons [33][34][35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased Internal Combustion Engine Efficiency with Optimized Valve Timings in Extended Stroke Operation

et al. 2021

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Spark-ignited internal combustion engines are known to exhibit a decreased brake efficiency in part-load operation. Similarly to cylinder deactivation, the x-stroke operation presented in this paper is an adjustable form of skip-cycle operation. It is an effective measure to increase the efficiency of an internal combustion engine, which has to be equipped with a variable valve train to enable this feature. This paper presents an optimization procedure for the exhaust valve timings applicable to any valid stroke operation number greater than four. In the first part, the gas spring operation, during which all gas exchange valves are closed, is explained, as well as how it affects the indicated efficiency and the blow-by mass flow. In the second part, a simulation model with variable valve timings, parameterized with measurement data obtained on the engine test, is used to find the optimal valve timings. We show that in 12-stroke operation and with a cylinder load of 5 Nm, an indicated efficiency of 34.3% is achieved. Preloading the gas spring with residual gas prevents oil suction and thus helps to reduce hydrocarbon emissions. Measurements of load variations in 4-, 8-, and 12-stroke operations show that by applying an x-stroke operation, the indicated efficiency remains high and the center of combustion remains optimal in the range of significantly lower torque outputs.

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