“…Up till now, commercial or self‐made E‐tongue systems have been widely used in food quality evaluation (Han, Huang, Teye, & Gu, ; Rosa, Leone, Cheli, & Chiofalo, ; Rudnitskaya et al, ). For heavy metals determination, E‐tongues based on voltammetric and potentiometric sensors have been developed and widely used (Cai, Li, Gao, & Wang, ; Gonzalez‐Calabuig, Guerrero, Serrano, & Del Valle, ; Herzog, Moujahid, Twomey, Lyons, & Ogurtsov, ; Perez‐Rafols et al, , ; Serrano, lez‐Calabuig, & Valle, ; Serrano, Prieto‐Simon, Ceto, & Valle, ; Wan et al, ). However, large surface alteration causing drifts in sensor responses of voltammetric techniques, and membrane potentials is affected by the adsorption of solution components of potentiometric sensors, and temperature dependence.…”