Full Factorial Experimental Design for Carbamazepine Removal Using Electrochemical Process: a Case Study of Scheming the Pathway Degradation

Abstract

Carbamazepine is an antiepileptic drug which is considered one of the persistent compounds detected in Malaysian aquatic environment. In this present study, a full factorial experimental design was applied for the analysis of effect NaCl amount, initial concentration of carbamazepine, applied voltage and treatment time on the electrochemical removal percentage of carbamazepine. However, applied voltage was found as the most significant factor with p = 0.00 lower than 95% confidence level. The investigation of effect NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 on the pathway degradation for carbamazepine was provided using liquid chromatography-time of flight/mass spectrometry (LC-TOF/MS). The results showed that new by-products were identified such chloro-epoxy carbamazepine, and other by-products, were detected in the presence of NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 electrolytes. High inhibition percentage of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria was observed at 24.0 h incubation time for both NaCl and Na 2 SO 4 electrolytes after 80 and 20 min of treatment, respectively.

Application of Full Factorial Design Method for Optimization of Heavy Metal Release from Lead Smelting Slag

“…This means that sepiolite may be employed as an ion-exchanger to remove lead due to its cation-exchange capacity [38]. The TCLP provided more acidic conditions for the lead smelting slag than the DIN [48]. The removal of lead as a function of the adsorbent type and the adsorbent dosage is given in Figure 9b.…”

“…The pH of the TCLP extraction fluid was around 4.93 ±0.05. Therefore, the TCLP provided more acidic conditions for the lead smelting slag than the DIN [48].…”

Electrochemical degradation of 10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxy carbamazepine as the main metabolite of carbamazepine

“…However, it was reported that drugs electrochemical degradation has been reduced with increasing the initial concentration of selected compound (Al-Qaim et al 2018b;Mussa et al 2018).…”