Full factorial experimental design to study the devulcanization of ground tire rubber in supercritical carbon dioxide

Devulcanizaiton of waste tread rubber in supercritical carbon dioxide: Operating parameters and product characterization

“…The reaction time significantly affected on devulcanization in our study, while Mangili et al [24] found that the influence of time was insignificant on devulcanizing tire rubber powder in scCO 2 . The rubber species and particle size employed by Mangili were different from ours, and the rubber species was considered to be the main reason which made the influence of time insignificant.…”

Feedstock Recycling of Rubber – A Review on Devulcanization Technologies

“…[7] has suggested Diphenyl disulfide (DD) as effective devulcanizing agent. DD was also proposed by [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31] and [32].…”

Devulcanization of natural rubber vulcanizates by Bacillus cereus TISTR 2651

“…Recycling of the vulcanized rubber is an alternative method that converts the rubber waste into value added products [5][6][7]. Devulcanization is one form of recycling, where the crosslinked bonds in the rubber chains are cleaved, and can be classified into the three broad processes of physical [8][9][10][11][12][13][14], chemical [12,13,[15][16][17][18][19][20] and biological [12,[21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] devulcanization processes. Physical devulcanization generally requires a high temperature or external energy for cleavage of the crosslinked bonds and so this process has a high cost and high energy consumption, challenging its economic and environmental viability.…”

“…In addition, the rubber waste needs to be immersed in an organic solvent to allow the chemical reagents to easily penetrate into the rubbery matrix and react with the crosslink bonds. Due to the difficulty of subsequent solvent removal and prevention of exposure to toxic chemicals [12,15,16], the advanced technique of using a non-toxic supercritical fluid (carbon dioxide, methane and water) has been applied instead, but this approach requires a high cost and energy consumption [4,12,17,18]. Accordingly, biological devulcanization has been suggested as an alternative method for green technology.…”