Full‐Organic Batteries

Abstract

The increasing demand on energy storage for different applications requires the development of more sustainable secondary batteries. In this context, this article describes the benefits and the drawbacks of the organic active materials for the electrochemical storage. After discussing the opportunity offered by full‐organic batteries, the advantages and challenges of the organic materials are discussed. Then, the main electroactive functions (conjugated polymers, stable radicals, sulfur‐based materials, carbonyl‐based materials, and the miscellaneous approaches) and their electrochemical mechanisms are described in detail, giving examples of the most relevant and promising materials reported in the literature. Further, the three main strategies (“polymer” approach, polyanionic salt formation, and solid‐state approach) employed to overcome the solubility issues of the organics in the common electrolytes are developed, with practical relevant examples from the literature. Then, the second main drawback of the organic active materials, i.e. the very low electronic conductivity, is addressed by two means: the use of specific carbon additives and the functionalization of conducting polymer by electrochemically active moieties. Finally, an overview of the seminal works and/or the most relevant full‐organic cell configurations is critically described.

Charge Storage Mechanism of an Anthraquinone-Derived Porous Covalent Organic Framework with Multiredox Sites as Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Battery

“…As promising electrode material candidates for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), organic redox-active compounds have attracted a great deal of attention because of their high theoretical capacity, nontoxicity, environmental friendliness, and flexibility. − More importantly, organic materials show their outstanding characteristic of modifiability: precise molecular design can be used to synthesize different types of organic compounds to achieve high electrochemical performances for LIBs. , The carbonyl compounds, such as quinone and carboxylic acid, have been widely studied as electrode materials for their high capacity, good reversibility, and easy availability, which show typical n-type behavior. , However, environmental instability of intrinsic n-type organic compounds, low conductivity, and dissolution into the organic electrolyte cause a rapid fading of the capacity and limit the application of carbonyl compounds in LIBs …”