Full particle simulation of the plasma sheet using adaptive mesh refinement technique

Electromagnetic full particle code with adaptive mesh refinement technique: Application to the current sheet evolution

“…On the other hand, the particle splitting algorithm divides particles that locate in finer cells, conserving the ratio of mass to charge, the total momentum, energy, and distribution function of particles, and the moments on grids. The particle splitting is indispensable for adapting the AMR to the electromagnetic particle codes, because the numerical noise increases on the subdivided cells due to the decrease in the number of particles per cell, especially around the X-line formed in association with magnetic reconnection [11].…”

“…One of the main problems in developing the electromagnetic PIC codes using the AMR technique is decrease in the number of particles per cell in the refined regions [11]. Especially, in the vicinity of the X-line formed in association with magnetic reconnection, spatially high-resolution simulations are required because the kinetic effects of electrons are expected to be important.…”

“…(13), then B n + 1 is calculated from Eqs. (10) and (11). However, the assignments of the charge and current densities by using Eqs.…”

A.I.K.E.F.: Adaptive hybrid model for space plasma simulations

“…Afterwards the average weighted magnetic field is estimated: (11) where we call α s the smoothing parameter. In finite differences this schema is similar to a high order Laplace operator and therefore acts similar as diffusion.…”

3D magnetospheric parallel hybrid multi-grid method applied to planet–plasma interactions

“…Most of the time, the number of numerical particles in each cell is controled by the splitting and coalescence of particles [30]. This technique has been widely used in PIC models [14,15,13,38]. This problem becomes even more challenging when the AMR technique is applied on a MPI (Message Passing Interface) parallel code.…”