Full‐scale transition from denitrification to partial denitrification–anammox (PdNA) in deep‐bed filters: Operational strategies for and benefits of PdNA implementation

Fofana, Rahil; Parsons, Michael; Long, Chenghua; Chandran, Kartik; Jones, Kimberly L.; Klaus, Stephanie; Trovato, Bob; Wilson, Chris; Clippeleir, Haydée De; Bott, Charles

doi:10.1002/wer.10727

Cited by 16 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence from a full-scale PdNA sand filter showed it was readily capable of alternating between PNA and PdNA depending on the level of nitrite accumulation achieved in the upstream BNR process. 34 Anammox implementations for PNA and PdNA are flexible and robust. Post-polishing nitrogen removal processes appear ripe for conversion to PdNA.…”

Section: Carbon-to-nitrogen Ratio Requiredmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Full scale PdNA processes also demonstrate the capability to operate as PNA processes if NOB outselection is achieved. 34 This provides the flexibility to design processes around PdNA while still pursing PNA; additionally if the PdNA system is implemented as a polishing/two-step process, it can fallback to full denitrification if ever needed. Process flexibility is enhanced, not limited by these more advanced processes: by implementing PdNA, attempting to achieve PNA if possible, and using additional non-aerobic volumes provided by decreased aerobic SRT requirements for swing zones and step-feed operators are provided with maximal optionality.…”

Section: Comparing Shortcut Nitrogen Removal Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The upstream activated sludge process transitioned from fully nitrifying to only nitrifying a fraction of the influent ammonia, and in doing so reduced the operating aerobic SRT by 33% (from 7.5 to 5.0 days). 34 Inspection of Fig. 7 reveals an additional benefit of operating the nitrification process at a lower SRT and higher effluent ammonia concentration: increased effluent ammonia sensitivity at lower SRTs (indicated by a steeper slope) allows for more control of the process with smaller SRT changes.…”

Section: Srt Safety Factor and Plant Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most importantly PdNA has been successfully and continuously implemented in mainstream full-scale processes. 34,39 While research on enhancing partial denitrification to support PdNA is ongoing, current work suggests this is relatively simple to control 16 and is robust. Full scale PdNA processes also demonstrate the capability to operate as PNA processes if NOB outselection is achieved.…”

Section: Comparing Shortcut Nitrogen Removal Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Advancing the understanding of mainstream shortcut nitrogen removal: resource efficiency, carbon redirection, and plant capacity

McCullough

Klaus

Parsons

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Carbon-to-nitrogen Ratio Requiredmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparing Shortcut Nitrogen Removal Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Srt Safety Factor and Plant Capacitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparing Shortcut Nitrogen Removal Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Advancing the understanding of mainstream shortcut nitrogen removal: resource efficiency, carbon redirection, and plant capacity

McCullough

Klaus

Parsons

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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Impact of instrumentation reliability on mainstream suspended partial denitrification–anammox (PdNA)

Ladipo‐Obasa

Forney

Foster

et al. 2023

Water Environment Research

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This study successfully revealed the importance of probe reliability and sensitivity with ion sensitive electrode (ISE) probes on achieving high partial denitrification (PdN) efficiency; and decreasing carbon overdosing events that cause the decline of microbial populations and performance of PdNA. In a mainstream integrated hybrid granule–floc system, an average PdN efficiency of 76% was achieved with acetate as the carbon source. Thauera was identified as the dominant PdN species; its presence in the system was analogous to instrumentation reliability and PdN selection and was not a consequence of bioaugmentation. Up to 27–121 mg total inorganic nitrogen/L/d, an equivalent of 18–48% of the overall total inorganic nitrogen removed, was achieved through the PdNA pathway. Candidatus Brocadia was the main anoxic ammonium oxidizing bacteria species that was seeded from sidestream and enriched and retained in the mainstream system with observed growth rates of 0.04–0.13 day−1. Moreover, there was no direct negative impact of methanol's use for post‐polishing on anoxic ammonium oxidizing bacteria activity and growth. Practitioner Points Stress testing with ISE sensors revealed the importance of probe reliability and sensitivity on PdN selection and PdNA performance. Up to 121 mg TIN/L/d was achieved via PdNA in a mainstream suspended hybrid granule–floc partial denitrification–anammox (PdNA) system. Candidatus Brocadia was the dominant AnAOB species with observed growth rates of 0.04–0.13 day–1. There was no direct negative impact of methanol's use for post‐polishing on AnAOB activity and growth.

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Comparing methanol and glycerol as carbon sources for mainstream partial denitrification/anammox in an IFAS process

Bachmann,

Parsons,

Klaus

et al. 2024

Water Environment Research

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This study explored the implementation of mainstream partial denitrification with anammox (PdNA) in the second anoxic zone of a wastewater treatment process in an integrated fixed film activated sludge (IFAS) configuration. A pilot study was conducted to compare the use of methanol and glycerol as external carbon sources for an IFAS PdNA startup, with a goal to optimize nitrogen removal while minimizing carbon usage. The study also investigated the establishment of anammox bacteria on virgin carriers in IFAS reactors without the use of seeding, and it is the first IFAS PdNA startup to use methanol as an external carbon source. The establishment of anammox bacteria was confirmed in both reactors 102 days after startup. Although the glycerol‐fed reactor achieved a higher steady‐state maximum ammonia removal rate because of anammox bacteria (1.6 ± 0.3 g/m2/day) in comparison with the methanol‐fed reactor (1.2 ± 0.2 g/m2/day), both the glycerol‐ and methanol‐fed reactors achieved similar average in situ ammonia removal rates of 0.39 ± 0.2 g/m2/day and 0.40 ± 0.2 g/m2/day, respectively. Additionally, when the upstream ammonia versus NOx (AvN) control system maintained an ideal ratio of 0.40–0.50 g/g, the methanol‐fed reactor attained a lower average effluent TIN concentration (3.50 ± 1.2 mg/L) than the glycerol‐fed reactor (4.43 ± 1.6 mg/L), which was prone to elevated nitrite concentrations in the effluent. Overall, this research highlights the potential for PdNA in IFAS configurations as an efficient and cost‐saving method for wastewater treatment, with methanol as a viable carbon source for the establishment of anammox bacteria.Practitioner Points Methanol is an effective external carbon source for an anammox startup that avoids the need for costly alternative carbon sources. The methanol‐fed reactor demonstrated higher TIN removal compared with the glycerol‐fed reactor because of less overproduction of nitrite. Anammox bacteria was established in an IFAS reactor without seeding and used internally stored carbon to reduce external carbon addition. Controlling the influent ammonia versus NOx (AvN) ratio between 0.40 and 0.50 g/g allowed for low and stable TIN effluent conditions.

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Full‐scale transition from denitrification to partial denitrification–anammox (PdNA) in deep‐bed filters: Operational strategies for and benefits of PdNA implementation

Cited by 16 publications

References 55 publications

Advancing the understanding of mainstream shortcut nitrogen removal: resource efficiency, carbon redirection, and plant capacity

Advancing the understanding of mainstream shortcut nitrogen removal: resource efficiency, carbon redirection, and plant capacity

Impact of instrumentation reliability on mainstream suspended partial denitrification–anammox (PdNA)

Comparing methanol and glycerol as carbon sources for mainstream partial denitrification/anammox in an IFAS process

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