Full wave analysis of annular ring microstrip antenna on metamaterial

Using natural optimization algorithms and artificial neural networks in the design of effective permittivity of metamaterials

“…The analysis of metamaterial cells was initially based on the Drude-Lorentz model [1]- [7], where the calculation of ε eff and μ eff as a function of the geometric characteristics of these cells and the resonance frequency of interest is accomplished.…”

“…A periodic array of conducting elements can behave as an effective medium, with effectives permittivity (ε eff ) and permeability (µ eff ), for electromagnetic scattering when the wavelength is much longer than both the element dimension and lattice spacing [1]- [7]. Metamaterials extend this concept with artificial structures that might be nanometers across for visible light, or as large as a few millimeters for microwave radiation.…”

“…The assumed design input variables (r, f r ) were symbolized by the m-th individual at the k-th iteration. Given a desired thin wire medium specification, (ε effdesired ), the aim is the minimization of the quadratic cost function as defined in(7) in terms of absolute percent errors. , each individual is constrained to the region of interest using(8), where the dummy variable ξ can be replaced by r or f r .…”

Design of metamaterials using artificial neural networks

“…Electromagnetic waves can propagate, as shown by Veselago, when both μ and ε are negative. Metamaterials are most often referred to as left-handed materials due to the lefthanded Poynting vector triplet that their magnetic, electric, and propagation vectors form [1]- [9].…”