Fullerene‐Based In Situ Doping of N and Fe into a 3D Cross‐Like Hierarchical Carbon Composite for High‐Performance Supercapacitors

Abstract

Fullerene-based carbons are promising electrode materials for supercapacitors due to their unique carbon structures and tunable architectures at the molecular level. By introducing various functional groups with many elements on the fullerene cages, diverse in situ metal/non-metal-doped carbon materials with enhanced pseudocapacitances and/or double layer capacitances can be prepared. In the present work, a fullerene derivative, ferrocenylpyrrolidine C60, containing nitrogen and iron, was chosen as the only precursor. A unique microstructure was fabricated by a liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation (LLIP) process. Subsequently, a facile, one-step annealing of the microstructure at different temperatures was performed. A series of in situ N, Fe co-doped laminated 3D hierarchical carbon composites in the shape of a cross were successfully synthesized. The as-prepared N, Fe co-doped carbon material treated at 700 o C exhibits a high specific capacitance of 505.4 F g -1 at 0.1 A g -1 . To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest supercapacitor capacitance This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.3 based on fullerene electrode materials. The use of a fullerene derivative as an in situ doped carbon for applications in energy storage opens a new avenue for developing future synthetic strategies to extend the repertoire of electrode materials with high performance.

Design of high‐performance flexible symmetric supercapacitors energized by redox‐mediated hydrogels including metal‐doped acidic polyelectrolyte

“…The ESR resistances of PVPA/Ni1, PVPA/Ni3, PVPA/Ni5, and PVPA/Ni10 device electrodes were obtained as 0.31, 0.59, 1.31, and 2.40 Ω, respectively. The Warburg resistance (W) of the system indicates the ion diffusion through the pores on the electrode surface in the low frequency region . The W of all devices demonstrates that the AC‐PVPA/Ni system generates high CD performance by allowing maximum ion diffusion at the electrode level.…”

“…The energy density is indicated by E , the power density by P , the voltage window by Δ V and the discharge time Δ t …”

Construction of symmetric supercapacitors using anhydrous electrolytes containing heterocyclic oligomeric structures

“…The resistances of the supercapacitors bearing BG(Atri) 2 , BG(Atri) 2 /0.1IL, BG(Atri) 2 /H 3 PO 4 /0.1IL, BG(Imi) 2, BG(Imi) 2 /0.1IL, and BG(Imi) 2 /H 3 PO 4 /0.1IL were found to be 4.31, 2.25, 1.21, 2.65, 1.81, and 0.95 Ω, respectively. The ion diffusions throughout the pores in the surface of the electrodes are represented by the Warburg resistance of the system at the low‐frequency area . The Warburg impedance results revealed that the activated carbon and BG(Atri) 2 /H 3 PO 4 /0.1IL and BG(Imi) 2 /H 3 PO 4 /0.1IL systems provide enhanced ion diffusions on the electrode surfaces, improving the charge‐discharge performances of the systems.…”

“…The produced supercapacitors were evaluated for their energy capacity and power densities by utilization of Equations , correspondingly. where E is the energy density, Δ V is the voltage window, and P is the power density …”

“…where E is the energy density, ΔV is the voltage window, and P is the power density. 28,29 3 | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Figure 1A depicts the FT-IR spectra of BG(Atri) 2 30 The C-H vibrational modes of the imidazolium ring of the IL yielded the absorption bands above 2929 cm −1 because of the in-plane deformation vibrations of EMImBF 4 . Correlatively, the absorption band at 1550 cm −1 is ascribed to the ring C═C bonds of EMImBF 4 .…”