Fullerene black: Structure, properties and possible applications

Abstract

This review concerns the fullerene black, a poorly known nano-sized carbon material, the insoluble residue after extraction of fullerenes from fullerene soot produced by arc evaporation of carbon material (usually graphite) in a helium atmosphere. This by-product of the production of fullerenes, whose yield reaches 80 wt %, is a finely dispersed material with a particle size of 40-50 nm. It includes amorphous carbon, graphitized particles, and graphite. Test reactions showed the presence in the structure of fullerene black of curved surfaces, and, like fullerenes, of alternating non-conjugated simple and double bonds. In addition to the double bonds, its structure includes dangling bonds in the concentration not higher than one per 1200 carbon atoms. This nano-carbon can not be graphitized, enters into the reactions of nucleophilic addition, and absorbs oxygen and water from the atmosphere. The fullerene black as was shown activate hydrogen and thus to undergoes to a hydrogenolysis without a catalyst and to catalyzes the dehydrogenation and dehydrocyclization of alkanes. This carbon nanomaterial can be used as a sorbent for organics, as a catalyst support, as a tribotechnical additive; and it can interact with carbide-forming metals and reinforces their surface.

Catalysts for C–H functionalization: Platinum, gold and even nanodiamonds

“…Methane is activated at 500-700° C. A threshold value for FB as catalyst is 600° C. This value is by 250° and 100-200° C lower than the threshold for catalyst free reaction and in the presence of graphite (activated charcoal and others), respectively [143][144][145][146]. At the early stage of the reaction hydrogen is almost a single gaseous product which is an evidence of high activity of parent FB.…”

“…Dehydrogenation activity of fullerene catalysts and the effect of hydrogen similar to that of noble metal based catalysts on dehydrogenation reactions allow fullerene containing catalysts to be considered as functional analogs of noble metals (see above) [142,146]. The presence of fullerene-metal chemical binding results in catalysts which provide high process selectivity due to cooperative adsorption of a substrate on two centers, namely, metal and fullerene (Fig.…”

Rain erosion-resistant coatings for wind turbine blades: A review

“…CNTs have high tensile strength and are as strong as a carbon-carbon bond. In Table 4 the material properties of SWCNTs and MWCNTs are compared with graphene and stainless steel [97].…”

“…In Table 4, the material properties of SWCNTs and MWCNTs are compared with graphene and stainless steel. 97…”

Paramagnetic Properties of Fullerene-Derived Nanomaterials and Their Polymer Composites: Drastic Pumping Out Effect

“…The EPR spectroscopy is generally used to get detailed information about the electron properties of fullerene-like materials. The structure and paramagnetic properties of the fullerene soot (FS) and fullerene black (FB) were studied in [ 25 – 28 ]. The EPR signal of these materials is shown to be characterized by the following parameters: g = 2.0022 ÷ 2.0023, Δ H pp ≅ 2 G. The concentration of paramagnetic radicals N s ~10 21 g −1 and N s ~3 × 10 18 g −1 in the initial samples FS [ 25 ] and FB [ 27 ], has been found, respectively.…”