Fullerene Production in Tons and More: From Science to Industry

Murayama, Hideaki; Tomonoh, Shigeki; Alford, J. M.; Karpuk, M.E.

doi:10.1081/fst-120027125

Cited by 105 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…rule (IPR) -its football-like truncated icosahedron structure (I h symmetry point group) leads to every carbon atom environment being identical, as elegantly shown by the sole peak in the 13 C NMR spectrum (Fig. 2a).…”

Section: Fullerenes Why So Interesting?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 That has not, however, precluded our ability to produce tens of tons of C 60 per year. 13 This process put forward by Murayama et al for Frontier Carbon Corporation (FCC) gives a soluble product mixture of 60% C 60 and 25% C 70 , while the remaining 15% are higher fullerenes up to C 96 . These are soluble in the organic solvents used for fullerene separation and constitute only 20% of the solid mass retrieved from the reaction chamber; the remaining 80% is insoluble carbonaceous soot.…”

Section: Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exohedral functionalisation of EMFs is even less trivial than that of empty-cage fullerenes. 13 Entrapped metallic species transfer electrons to the carbon cage, with this excess electron density inhomogeneously distributed over the cage, and even extending out of it -a phenomenon dubbed 'spin leakage'. 55 This has profound effects on the chemistry of the EMFs.…”

Section: Endohedral Metallofullerenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water-soluble fullerenes for medical applications

Rašović

2017

Materials Science and Technology

119

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Research on fullerenes occupies a unique position in the scientific arena. Synthesis and characterisation of this nanomaterial blur the line between materials science and chemistry; careful tuning of the processing methods gives birth to a whole family of molecules and their functionalised derivatives, whose unusual properties at this nanoscopic scale can be exploited in cutting-edge technological applications. This review focuses on the functionalisation of fullerenes for use in medical applications. The first half gives an introduction to the fullerenes themselves and how their fundamental properties lead to a very rich chemistry, enabling both exohedral (external) and endohedral (internal) functionalisations of the cage. Emphasis is placed on the need for safe and reproducible synthesis routes if fullerenes are ever going to make it to the pharmaceutical market. In line with this, a selection of exohedral functionalisation protocols receives particular attention. Coverage of endohedral fullerene synthesis routes is limited to the endohedral metallofullerenes. In the second half, myriad applications of fullerenes in biomedical contexts are introduced and certain synthesis routes are critically evaluated. Discussion of the need to water solubilise the hydrophobic fullerene cages precedes an overview of fullerene-based diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. A final moment is spent on toxicity studies of fullerenes. The concluding remarks emphasise the positive effects of incorporating fullerenes into biomedical technologies, while looking at how these are perceived by the general public. A case is made for fullerenes being the optimal choice as standard bearers in the advance of nanomaterials into the medical field. This is the winning review of the 2016 Materials Literature Review Prize of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, run by the Editorial Board of MST. Sponsorship of the prize by TWI Ltd is gratefully acknowledged.

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Section: Fullerenes Why So Interesting?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Endohedral Metallofullerenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water-soluble fullerenes for medical applications

Rašović

2017

Materials Science and Technology

119

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“…Fullerenes can be produced in relatively small yield also under controlled combustion conditions in sooting flames and extracted with solvents from the recovered soot. This method has achieved industrial applications (Murayama et al 2004). …”

Section: Basic Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Facula, Faculae

Wagner¹

2015

Encyclopedia of Astrobiology

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“…Commercial production of fullerene mixtures was begun in 2003 by the consecutive combustion proc ess 22), 23) developed by Frontier Carbon Co. 24) . Although the technological innovation remarkably lowered the price of fullerene mixtures, pure C60 and C70 were still expensive because of the post-synthesis chromatographic separation of fullerene mixtures including C60, C70 and higher fullerenes 25)～31) .…”

Section: Separation Of Fullerenes By Filtration Through Activated Carmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel and Practical Separation Processes for Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes and Nanodiamonds

直樹

2009

J. Jpn. Petrol. Inst.

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Nanocarbons, defined as nanometer-sized carbon clusters including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and nano diamonds, are one of the most fascinating materials known today. Applications for electronics and optics require controlled size and/or structure of these materials, because the physical properties are well known to closely cor relate with the structures. Therefore, separation methods of nanocarbons have been investigated, in particular practical processes applicable to large-scale separation. This review describes three novel and practical methods for separating fullerenes, carbon nanotubes and nanodiamonds, which have been developed in our group. In fullerene separation, a solution of fullerene mixture including C60, C70 and C＞70 was filtered through a thin layer of activated carbon to provide pure C60 and C70. Since this process is very useful, many patents were filed, and this technology was successfully transferred to a company. Circular single-walled carbon nanotubes were obtained in high purity by use of ultrasonic atomization. While this sonochemical process has been employed only for homogeneous systems such as concentration of aqueous ethanol, this is the first example to apply the sonoprocess to solid/liquid biphasic system. Separation of nanodiamond by centrifugation was effective to obtain single-digit nanometer size diamonds as small as 4 nm from nanodiamond powder with median size of 30 nm. This process was successfully applied to large-scale separation. Filtration, sonication and centrifuga tion are very fundamental experimental techniques which can be used for the separation of these three types of nanocarbons. Therefore, these processes are expected to be applied to the industrial scale production of nano carbons, which should reduce cost and increase availability.

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Fullerene Production in Tons and More: From Science to Industry

Cited by 105 publications

References 9 publications

Water-soluble fullerenes for medical applications

Water-soluble fullerenes for medical applications

Facula, Faculae

Novel and Practical Separation Processes for Fullerenes, Carbon Nanotubes and Nanodiamonds

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