Fumigation Activity against Phosphine-Resistant Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Using Carbonyl Sulfide

Abstract

Phosphine resistance is occurring among stored-grain pests worldwide. This study investigated the fumigation activity of phosphine (PH3) and carbonyl sulfide (COS) against domestic strain (d-strain) Tribolium castaneum, resistance strain (r-strain) T. castaneum and Oryzaephilus surinamensis. All developmental stages of the pests were exposed to two fumigants (PH3 and COS), and the fumigation activity according to the dose and exposure time was evaluated in a 12-L desiccator and 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber. The rice sorption rate and quality following exposure to thetwofumigants were evaluated. The mortality was 2.9% in r-strain T. castaneum, 49.5% in d-strain T. castaneum and 99.2% in O. surinamensis when 2 mg/L PH3 was used in a 12-L desiccator for 4 h. However, all pest developmental stages showed 100% mortality after 24 h of exposure in the 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber, except for the r-strain T. castaneum. A mortalityof 100% was observed in all of the r-strain T. castaneum developmental stages at an exposure time of 192 h. For COS applied at 40.23 mg/L and 50 g/m3 in the 12-L desiccator and the 0.5 m3 fumigation chamber, respectively, 100% mortality was observed across all developmental stages regardless of species and strain. The sorption of COS was 10% higher than that of PH3, but there was no significant difference in rice quality compared to that in the control. Therefore, this study suggests that COS can be used for controlling T. castaneum resistant to PH3.

Developing a Hazomalania voyronii Essential Oil Nanoemulsion for the Eco-Friendly Management of Tribolium confusum, Tribolium castaneum and Tenebrio molitor Larvae and Adults on Stored Wheat

“…When the d-strain of T. castaneum was treated with 1 mg/L and the r-strain with 2 mg/L phosphine (PH 3 ), after 4 h of treatment, adults have been found more tolerant than the larvae. For both d-and r-strains of T. castaneum, after 24 h of exposure to <10 mg/L carbonyl sulphide (COS), the larvae were less tolerant than adults [40]. Earlier, Arthur [41] reported that larvae were less tolerant than the adults.…”

Recent Advances in Postharvest Pest Biology and Management

“…Following the restricted use of MB, phosphine (PH 3 ) became widely used in the fumigation of stored products, although resulted in the development of resistance or tolerance by several postharvest insect pests [10,11]. Other fumigants have either been adopted or are under investigation as substitutes for phosphine, including sulfuryl fluoride and carbonyl sulfide [3,12].…”

“…Lee et al [3] compared the efficacy of carbonyl sulfide and phosphine as fumigants against PH 3 resistant (r-strain) and domestic strains (d-strain) of Tribolium castaneum and Oryzaephilus surinamensis. Exposure of developmental stages of the test insects to a concentration of 2 mg/L of PH 3 in a fumigation chamber for 4 h resulted in 2.9% mortality of T. castaneum (r-strain), 49.5% (d-strain) and 99.2% of O. surinamensis.…”

“…Common factors influencing research in postharvest commodity protection are the desire to increase the storability of harvested grains, thus ensuring food availability to sectors of the population that are at risk, and a reduction in pesticide residues in produce and processed food. Recent studies have focused on understanding pest composition and dynamics in storage facilities [2], the efficacy of applications of chemical pesticides and terpenes on the regulation of pest populations, and the modification of pest behavior resulting from treatment with pesticides and growth regulators [3][4][5][6].…”

Pesticidal Toxicity of Phosphine and Its Interaction with Other Pest Control Treatments

“…This well-documented development of resistance on a global scale jeopardizes the grain industry’s ability to maintain insect- and residue-free grain, especially with the lack of phosphine alternative fumigants. This precarious situation is shored up by the use of methyl bromide as a quarantine treatment at port facilities and sulfuryl fluoride [ 21 ] as an emergency fumigant when phosphine fumigation fails, also carbonyl sulfide has been recently reported as an effective alternative fumigant to control the developmental stages of phosphine-resistant insects [ 22 ].…”