Functional analysis of the transcriptional control regions of the <i>copia</i>
 transposable element

Sinclair, John; Burke, Julian F.; Ish‐Horowicz, David; Sang, James H.

doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04503.x

Cited by 29 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Other genes that require downstream sequences for their expression include the adenovirus 2 major late transcription unit (41), the herpes simplex virus tk gene (13), the a-and ,B-globin genes when expressed in murine erythroleukemia cells (10,73), and the Drosophila transposible element copia (62). Like the downstream element of the SV40 late promoter, these elements may affect transcription, but it is also possible that they affect a posttranscriptional process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simian virus 40 major late promoter: a novel tripartite structure that includes intragenic sequences.

Ayer

Dynan

1988

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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Unlike most genes transcribed by RNA polymerase II, the simian virus 40 late transcription unit does not have a TATA box. To determine what sequences are required for initiation at the major late mRNA cap site of simian virus 40, clustered point mutations were constructed and tested for transcriptional activity in vitro and in vivo. Three promoter elements were defined. The first is centered 31 base pairs upstream of the cap site in a position normally reserved for a TATA box. The second is at the cap site. The third occupies a novel position centered 28 base pairs downstream of the cap site within a protein-coding sequence. The ability of RNA polymerase II to recognize this promoter suggests that there is greater variation in promoter architecture than had been believed previously.Synthesis of eucaryotic mRNAs requires specific DNA sequences that are located close to the transcriptional initiation site. These sequences, termed promoters, bind protein factors that position the transcriptional initiation reaction at the mRNA cap site (for review, see references 17 and 46). The binding of protein factors to promoters has also been implicated in biological regulation, for example, during the induction of transcription by heat shock (69, 74) and phorbol esters (1,40), and in the tissue-specific expression of several genes (42). For many genes, the level of transcription is also regulated by enhancer sequences that are distinct from promoter sequences. These elements interact with promoters in an orientation-and distance-independent manner.The sequences that make up eucaryotic promoters have been studied in detail. For protein-coding genes, which are transcribed by RNA polymerase II, the first common sequence to be identified was the sequence TATAA. These so-called TATA boxes are usually located 30 base pairs upstream of the cap site, and significant changes in transcription have been demonstrated when these sequences are mutated (12,45,72,76 Previous studies have indicated that sequences controlling SV40 late gene expression extend over a 350-base-pair region, beginning at the origin of viral replication and extending downstream to, and possibly beyond, the major late cap site at nucleotide 325. One of the major mechanisms controlling the level of late gene expression is trans-activation by an early gene product, large T antigen (5, 37). The sequences required for this trans-activation lie considerably upstream of the major late start and include sequences within the origin of replication and the 72-base-pair repeats (6, 31, 38). The locations of the upstream control sequences are flexible and, in this respect, the sequences are enhancerlike (38,52,64).In contrast to the upstream regulatory elements, the sequences that position the late transcriptional initiation sites are not well understood. There is no TATA box upstream of the major late initiation site, suggesting that the SV40 late promoter may be fundamentally different from other promoters. However, it seemed likely that sequences near the transcriptional sta...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simian virus 40 major late promoter: a novel tripartite structure that includes intragenic sequences.

Ayer

Dynan

1988

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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“…This list of promoters is not meant to be comprehensive. Promoters from retrotransposons and LINE-like elements include 297 (Inouye et al 1986), copia (Sinclair et al 1986), Doc (Schneuwly et al 1987), F (Di Nocera et al 1983, G (Di Nocera 1988), I (Fawcett et al 1986), and joc (Mizrokhi et al 1988). Promoters from cellular genes include AbdominaI-B (DeLorenzi et al 1988), AntpP2 (Perkins et al 1988), bride of sevenless (Hart et al 1993), brown (Dreesen et al 1988), caudal (Mlodzik and Gehring 1987), E74 (Thummel et al 1989;Burtis et al 1990), E75 (Segraves and Hogness 1990), engrailed (Soeller et al 1988), glass (Moses et al 1989), Gs~ (guanine nucleotide-binding protein; Quan and Forte 1990), labial (Mlodzik et al 1988), nonmuscle myosin heavy chain (Ketchum et al, 1990), ras2 (Bishop et al 1988), singed (Paterson and O'Hare 1991), Stellate (Livak 1990), and white (O'Hare et al 1984).…”

Section: Etfiid Can Function In Both Basal and Activated Transcriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drosophila TFIID binds to a conserved downstream basal promoter element that is present in many TATA-box-deficient promoters.

Burke¹,

Kadonaga²

1996

Genes Dev.

364

356

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We describe the identification and characterization of a conserved downstream basal promoter element that is present in a subset of Drosophila TATA-box-deficient (TATA-Iess) promoters by using purified, epitope-tagged TFIID complex (eTFIID) from embryos of transgenic Drosophila. [Key Words: RNA polymerase II; in vitro transcription; core promoter; initiator element; TATA-box-binding protein; TBP-associated factors]

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“…TAS1 may therefore play a role in Ty transcription in addition to mediating cellular gene activation. Interestingly, transcription of the closely related copia element of Drosophila appears to be controlled by sequences downstream from the RNA start site (42). It has, however, recently been suggested that the signals controlling Ty transcription and gene activation are distinct (43).…”

Section: -Aammilmentioning

confidence: 99%

The yeast ROAM mutation - identification of the sequences mediating host gene activation and cell-type control in the yeast retrotransposon, Ty

Rathjen

Kingsman

1987

Nucl Acids Res

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When the yeast retrotransposon, Ty, integrates into the 5' flanking region of a gene it can activate the expression of that gene. At the same time the activated gene is brought under cell-type specific control such that expression is high in haploid a or alpha cells but low in a/alpha diploids. These Ty mediated mutations are known as ROAM mutations. In this study we have used a ROAM mutation created in vitro to identify the sequences within Ty that mediate this phenomenon. We show that a single activator located within the coding region of the Ty element is responsible for ROAM activation. This sequence, which is regulated by the mating type of the cell, differs from classical enhancer elements in that its activity is strictly orientation dependent. An independent activator located downstream of the ROAM sequence activated transcription only in the non-ROAM orientation. This sequence may be part of an internal promoter that controls expression of the sub-genomic 5.0kb Ty transcript.

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Functional analysis of the transcriptional control regions of the copia transposable element

Cited by 29 publications

References 28 publications

Simian virus 40 major late promoter: a novel tripartite structure that includes intragenic sequences.

Simian virus 40 major late promoter: a novel tripartite structure that includes intragenic sequences.

Drosophila TFIID binds to a conserved downstream basal promoter element that is present in many TATA-box-deficient promoters.

The yeast ROAM mutation - identification of the sequences mediating host gene activation and cell-type control in the yeast retrotransposon, Ty

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