Functional anatomy of the human supplementary sensorimotor area: results of extraoperative electrical stimulation

Lim, Siew Hoon; Dinner, Dudley S.; Pillay, Prem K.; Lüders, Hans; Morris, Harold H.; Klem, G.; Wyllie, Elaine; Awad, Issam A.

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(94)90068-x

Cited by 298 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Intracortical stimulation studies found a rostrocaudal progression of orofacial, forelimb, and hindlimb movement representations within the SMA; distinct fore limb and hindlimb motor areas have also been identified in the CMAd [He et a l, 1995; Luppino et al, 1991] and in the CMAv [He et al, 1995]. In humans, few studies have used electrical stimulation of the cortex (e.g.. Fried et al, 1991;Lim et al, 1994; Yazawa et al, 2000; for a review Allison et al, 1996]: these studies are clearly limited to those patients needing implantation of subdural electrodes for clinical reasons-assessing or treating drug-resistant epilepsy. Their results confirmed a somatotopic organiza tion of the SMA with the lower extremities represented caudally, the head and face rostrally, and the upper extremities between these two regions; by contrast, pre-SMA does not appear to have a somatotopic organization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovering the somatotopic organization of the motor areas of the medial wall using low‐frequency bold fluctuations

Cauda¹,

Geminiani²,

D’Agata³

et al. 2010

Human Brain Mapping

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bstract: This study explored the somatotopy of the motor areas of the medial wall of the cerebral hemisphere, in the human brain. In a sample of 16 healthy participants, we drew 9 regions of interest (ROI) over the primary motor area (M l), each corresponding to a well-known somatic representation. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the resting state functional connectivity between each selected ROI and the motor areas of the medial wall. The main finding was the identifi cation of a rostrocaudal gradient of connectivity in which the more we move from cranial to caudal body representation areas in M l, the more the corresponding connected area in the medial wall is shifted rostrocaudally, confirming the somatotopic schema found in the SMA. We also reanalyzed data obtained in a previous experiment, we performed using hand and foot motor tasks; the reanalysis con sisted in traditional BOLD and functional connectivity analyses. Finally, we performed a meta-analysis of 28 studies of hand and foot motor tasks, mapping their cerebral representations using the tools pro vided by the Brainmap database. All data converge in confirming a somatotopic representation of the medial wall motor areas, with hand representation placed more rostrally and ventrally than that of the foot. Hum Brain Mapp 32:1566Mapp 32: -1579Mapp 32: , 2011 e 2010 W iiey-Liss, inc.Keywords: motor areas; medial wall; supplementary motor area; SMA; cingulate motor areas; resting state; functional connectivity; seed voxel correlation; functional magnetic resonance imaging; fMRI; somatotopy IN T R O D U C T IO NEver since they were first identified, the motor areas of the medial wall have remained, in large part, a mystery. Originally the only recognized motor area in the mesial face of the brain was the supplementary motor area (SMA), located in the medial portion of Brodmann's cytoarchitectonic area 6 [Penfield and Welch, 1951; Woolsey et al., 1952]. This knowledge was derived through electrical stimulation of the cortical surface of the human brain during surgery for brain tumors. We now know of five premotor areas, located in subfields of Brod mann's areas 6, 23, and 24. These premotor areas include the SMA, the pre-SMA [Rizzolatti et a l, 1996;Tanji 1996], and three areas located within the cingulate sulcus-the rostral, dorsal, and ventral cingulate motor areas (CMAr, CM Ad, and CMAv, respectively). The SMA and pre-SMA are located in the dorsomedial frontal cortex, rostrally to the leg representation of the primary motor cortex (M l). The SMA is located caudal to the vertical projection of the commissure, while the pre-SMA lies rostral to this line. The three cingulate motor areas are located within the homonym sulcus: the CMAr and CMAv in the ventral bank of the sulcus and the CMAd in the dorsal bank; each cingulate motor area corresponds to a different cytoarchitectonic field.The somatotopic organization of the motor areas of the medial wall was originally studied in nonhuman primates by observing movements evoked by int...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovering the somatotopic organization of the motor areas of the medial wall using low‐frequency bold fluctuations

Cauda¹,

Geminiani²,

D’Agata³

et al. 2010

Human Brain Mapping

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“…The second largest area of activation was observed dorsally, in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) and adjacent areas, especially in a region in the postcentral sulcus. On the medial wall of the hemisphere, tactile responses were found in the supplementary motor area (Lim et al, 1994) and posteriorly in the medial portion of S1.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human MST But Not MT Responds to Tactile Stimulation

Beauchamp

Yasar²,

Kishan³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

109

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Previous reports of tactile responses in human visual area MT/V5 have used complex stimuli, such as a brush stroking the arm. These complex moving stimuli are likely to induce imagery of visual motion, which is known to be a powerful activator of MT. The area described as "MT" in previous reports consists of at least two distinct cortical areas, MT and MST. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we separately localized human MT and MST and measured their response to vibrotactile stimuli unlikely to induce imagery of visual motion. Strong vibrotactile responses were observed in MST but not in MT. Vibrotactile responses in MST were approximately one-half as large as the response to visual motion and were distinct from those in another visual area previously reported to respond to tactile stimulation, the lateral occipital complex. To examine somatotopic organization, we separately stimulated the left and right hand and foot. No spatial segregation between hand and foot responses was observed in MST. The average response profile of MST was similar to that of somatosensory cortex, with a strong preference for the contralateral hand. These results offer evidence for the existence of somatosensory responses in MST, but not MT, independent of imagery of visual motion.

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“…4C): the paracentral lobule and parts of the right dorsal striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen). The paracentral lobule is a functional component of the supplementary motor area (SMA) (18), which belongs to the SMN. Thus, increased lateness in the paracentral lobule accounts for the exceptional status of the SMN in Fig.…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Human cortical–hippocampal dialogue in wake and slow-wave sleep

Mitra

Snyder

Hacker

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

110

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Declarative memory consolidation is hypothesized to require a twostage, reciprocal cortical-hippocampal dialogue. According to this model, higher frequency signals convey information from the cortex to hippocampus during wakefulness, but in the reverse direction during slow-wave sleep (SWS). Conversely, lower-frequency activity propagates from the information "receiver" to the "sender" to coordinate the timing of information transfer. Reversal of sender/ receiver roles across wake and SWS implies that higher-and lower-frequency signaling should reverse direction between the cortex and hippocampus. However, direct evidence of such a reversal has been lacking in humans. Here, we use human resting-state fMRI and electrocorticography to demonstrate that δ-band activity and infraslow activity propagate in opposite directions between the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Moreover, both δ activity and infraslow activity reverse propagation directions between the hippocampus and cerebral cortex across wake and SWS. These findings provide direct evidence for state-dependent reversals in human cortical-hippocampal communication.D eclarative memories are initially hippocampus-dependent and gradually become hippocampus-independent over time, that is, consolidated (1, 2). It is theorized that a two-stage reciprocal dialogue between the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex underlies memory consolidation (3-5). According to this model, active behavior generates experiential codes in the cortex that are transmitted to the hippocampus, which houses a labile information store. Later, during slow-wave sleep (SWS), recently acquired hippocampal information is reactivated and transmitted to the cerebral cortex, where it is integrated into a more permanent memory store (5, 6). Thus, the hippocampus and cerebral cortex are proposed to exchange roles in sending and receiving information across wake and SWS (5, 6). Importantly, this model does not imply that all signals travel from the "sender" to the "receiver." Instead, the theory proposes that high-frequency activity carries information from the sender to receiver, that is, from the cortex to hippocampus or the hippocampus to cortex, depending on the stage of memory consolidation (wake or SWS, respectively) (4). Conversely, low-frequency activity propagates from the receiver back to the sender to coordinate the transfer of high-frequency information through modulation of the sender's excitability (4, 7-9). Hence, the two-stage reciprocal dialogue model predicts that lower and higher frequency activity between the hippocampus and cortex should propagate in opposite directions across wake and SWS, as illustrated in the schematic in Fig. 1. However, such reversal has not been directly observed in humans.We have recently analyzed temporal lags (delays) in neural signals to study the net propagation of spontaneous activity. In particular, we investigated resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals and demonstrated directed propagation of infraslow activity (<0.1...

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Functional anatomy of the human supplementary sensorimotor area: results of extraoperative electrical stimulation

Cited by 298 publications

References 34 publications

Discovering the somatotopic organization of the motor areas of the medial wall using low‐frequency bold fluctuations

Discovering the somatotopic organization of the motor areas of the medial wall using low‐frequency bold fluctuations

Human MST But Not MT Responds to Tactile Stimulation

Human cortical–hippocampal dialogue in wake and slow-wave sleep

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