Functional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

Ganau, Mario; Zewude, Rahel T; Fehlings, Michael G.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97952-6_1

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Spinal white matter is composed of glial cells and nerve fibers in ascending and descending tracts. Among them, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia are present in the spinal cord [ 9 , 10 ]. Astrocytes are related to the migration of neurons in the embryonic development stage, and when the nervous system matures, they constitute the structural basis of other cells.…”

Section: Anatomy and Physiology Function Of The Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 99%

[Retracted] Recent Advances in Cell and Functional Biomaterial Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury

Liu

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2022

BioMed Research International

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Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating central nervous system disease caused by accidental events, resulting in loss of sensory and motor function. Considering the multiple effects of primary and secondary injuries after spinal cord injury, including oxidative stress, tissue apoptosis, inflammatory response, and neuronal autophagy, it is crucial to understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, local microenvironment changes, and neural tissue functional recovery for preparing novel treatment strategies. Treatment based on cell transplantation has become the forefront of spinal cord injury therapy. The transplanted cells provide physical and nutritional support for the damaged tissue. At the same time, the implantation of biomaterials with specific biological functions at the site of the SCI has also been proved to improve the local inhibitory microenvironment and promote axonal regeneration, etc. The combined transplantation of cells and functional biomaterials for SCI treatment can result in greater neuroprotective and regenerative effects by regulating cell differentiation, enhancing cell survival, and providing physical and directional support for axon regeneration and neural circuit remodeling. This article reviews the pathophysiology of the spinal cord, changes in the microenvironment after injury, and the mechanisms and strategies for spinal cord regeneration and repair. The article will focus on summarizing and discussing the latest intervention models based on cell and functional biomaterial transplantation and the latest progress in combinational therapies in SCI repair. Finally, we propose the future prospects and challenges of current treatment regimens for SCI repair, to provide references for scientists and clinicians to seek better SCI repair strategies in the future.

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Section: Anatomy and Physiology Function Of The Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 99%

[Retracted] Recent Advances in Cell and Functional Biomaterial Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury

Liu

Zhu

Zhang

et al. 2022

BioMed Research International

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The spinal cord is adjacent to the cerebellum and extends from the medulla oblongata to the lower edge of the first lumbar vertebra [54]. This organ contains several cell types (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and MN) that receive motor information from the brain and sensory information from the body [55]. The spinal cord may be sensitive to neuronal damage induced by EtOH binge drinking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobic Physical Training Attenuates Oxidative Stress in the Spinal Cord of Adult Rats Induced by Binge-like Ethanol Intake

et al. 2023

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Binge drinking is the most frequent consumption pattern among young adults and remarkably changes the central nervous system; thus, research on strategies to protect it is relevant. This study aimed to investigate the detrimental effects of binge-like EtOH intake on the spinal cord of male rats and the potential neuroprotective effects provided by moderate-intensity aerobic physical training. Male Wistar rats were distributed into the ‘control group’, ‘training group’, ‘EtOH group’, and ‘training + EtOH’. The physical training protocol consisted of daily 30-min exercise on a treadmill for 5 consecutive days followed by 2 days off during 4 weeks. After the fifth day of each week, distilled water (‘control group’ and ‘training group’) or 3 g/kg of EtOH diluted at 20% w/v (‘EtOH group’ and ‘training + EtOH group’) was administered for 3 consecutive days through intragastric gavage to simulate compulsive consumption. Spinal cord samples were collected for oxidative biochemistry and morphometric analyses. The binge-like EtOH intake induced oxidative and tissue damage by decreasing reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, increasing lipid peroxidation (LPO), and reducing motor neurons (MN) density in the cervical segment. Even under EtOH exposure, physical training maintained GSH levels, reduced LPO, and prevented MN reduction at the cervical segment. Physical training is a non-pharmacological strategy to neuroprotect the spinal cord against oxidative damage induced by binge-like EtOH intake.

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“…To efficiently target the spinal cord for electrophysiological recording, it is important to understand the underlying functional anatomy, details of which have been described in authoritative reviews [69,70]. In summary, the spinal cord comprises the outer white matter containing vertically oriented myelinated axons and an inner grey matter comprising of interneurons and modulatory fibres in a laminar pattern [71] transversely.…”

Section: Anatomy Of the Spinal Cordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal cord bioelectronic interfaces: opportunities in neural recording and clinical challenges

et al. 2022

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Bioelectronic stimulation of the spinal cord has demonstrated significant progress in restoration of motor function in spinal cord injury (SCI). The proximal, uninjured spinal cord presents a viable target for the recording and generation of control signals to drive targeted stimulation. Signals have been directly recorded from the spinal cord in behaving animals and correlated with limb kinematics. Advances in flexible materials, electrode impedance and signal analysis will allow SCR to be used in next-generation neuroprosthetics. In this review, we summarize the technological advances enabling progress in SCR and describe systematically the clinical challenges facing spinal cord bioelectronic interfaces and potential solutions, from device manufacture, surgical implantation to chronic effects of foreign body reaction and stress-strain mismatches between electrodes and neural tissue. Finally, we establish our vision of bi-directional closed-loop spinal cord bioelectronic bypass interfaces that enable the communication of disrupted sensory signals and restoration of motor function in SCI.

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Functional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

[Retracted] Recent Advances in Cell and Functional Biomaterial Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury

[Retracted] Recent Advances in Cell and Functional Biomaterial Treatment for Spinal Cord Injury

Aerobic Physical Training Attenuates Oxidative Stress in the Spinal Cord of Adult Rats Induced by Binge-like Ethanol Intake

Spinal cord bioelectronic interfaces: opportunities in neural recording and clinical challenges

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