“…Primary hepatocytes obtained from trout, like those from mammals, largely maintain their epithelial phenotype, including functional glucose and lipid metabolism (Polakof et al, 2011), and the activities of phase I and II biotransformation enzymes (Segner and Cravedi, 2001). These cells possess functional membrane transporters, and have been studied using well-known transporter substrates and inhibitors (Sturm et al, 2001;Bains and Kennedy, 2005;Zaja et al, 2008;Hildebrand et al, 2009). Additional studies using primary trout hepatocytes have examined the effects of carcinogens (Bailey et al, 1987), hormones (Bailey et al, 1987;Sathiyaa et al, 2001), naturally derived toxins (Boaru et al, 2006), pharmaceuticals (Ellesat et al, 2010;Ings et al, 2012), nanoparticles (Massarsky et al, 2014), and a variety of other xenobiotic compounds or mixtures (Gagné et al, 2013;Lacaze et al, 2014;Sovadinová et al, 2014).…”