Functional applications of 4D printing: a review

Mohol, Shubham Shankar; Sharma, Varun

doi:10.1108/rpj-10-2020-0240

Cited by 26 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 119 publications

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“…Compared with SMAs, SMPs offer more deformation and less density. [558][559][560] SRP-based self-deployable structures are lightweight, selfexpanding, and have excellent carrying capacity, which makes them highly suitable for aerospace applications. [561] 3D printing of SRPs is showing remarkable potential in aerospace applications.…”

Section: Aerospace Sectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Additive Manufacturing of Stimuli‐Responsive Soft Polymers

Tariq,

Arif,

Khalid

et al. 2023

Adv Eng Mater

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Stimuli‐responsive polymers (SRPs) are special types of soft materials, which have been extensively used for developing flexible actuators, soft robots, wearable devices, sensors, self‐expanding structures, and biomedical devices, thanks to their ability to change their shapes and functional properties in response to external stimuli including light, humidity, heat, pH, electric field, solvent, and magnetic field or combinations of two or more of these stimuli. In recent years, additive manufacturing (AM) aka three‐dimensional (3D) printing technology of these SRPs, also known as four‐dimensional (4D) printing, has gained phenomenal attention in different engineering fields, thanks to its unique ability to develop complex, personalized, and innovative structures, which undergo twisting, elongating, swelling, rolling, shrinking, bending, spiraling, and other complex morphological transformations. Herein, an effort has been made to provide insightful information about the AM techniques, type of SRPs, and their applications including, but not limited to tissue engineering, soft robots, bionics, actuators, sensors, construction, and smart textiles. This article also incorporates the current challenges and prospects, hoping to provide an insightful basis for the utilization of this technology in different engineering fields. It is expected that the amalgamation of 3D printing with SRPs would provide unparalleled advantages in different engineering arenas.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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Section: Aerospace Sectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Additive Manufacturing of Stimuli‐Responsive Soft Polymers

Tariq,

Arif,

Khalid

et al. 2023

Adv Eng Mater

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“…Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) as a subset of the Material extrusion (MEX) method is the simplest and cheapest 3D printing technology, the mechanism of which is the extrusion of molten filament on the bed and the underlying layers based on the digital design file [29][30][31]. The combination of MEX and CP (direct programming) by reducing and saving time and cost and adding the capability of complex and porous geometries can increase the medical applications of 4D printing [32][33][34].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

4D printing of porous PLA-TPU structures: effect of applied deformation, loading mode and infill pattern on the shape memory performance

Rahmatabadi,

Soltanmohammadi,

Aberoumand

et al. 2024

Phys. Scr.

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For the first time, the synergy of shape memory polymer (SMP) blending, 4D printing, and cold programming (CP) are investigated for improving the functionality of the shape memory effect (SME), increasing medical applications of porous structures, direct programming, and removing current limitations. Porous PLA-TPU structures with different printing patterns and applied deformation were CPed under constrained and non-constrained compression modes at room temperature and were recovered in the rubbery phase. The shape fixity and shape recovery ratios were calculated and the cross-section morphology was examined with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The shape fixity values were in the range of 39.75-71.27%, while almost complete shape recovery ratios (100%) were observed for all porous samples. Low shape fixity ratios can be justified due to the existence of two steps of spring-back and structure relaxation after unloading in cold programming, resulting from elastic and viscoelastic behavior. The glass transition temperature of the PLA-TPU blend was 69 °C and shifted to raw materials, indicating the possibility of some interaction between the two components. SEM images showed the uniform distribution of TPU particles and matrix-droplet morphology in the PLA-TPU blend and after printing TPU droplets were stretched and the sea-island morphology was observed in some segments.

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“…devices [7], textiles [8,9], metamaterials [10][11][12] and others. Detailed reviews on 4D printing can be found in [1,2,[13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanistic prediction of folding angles in 4D printed shape memory polymers under varied loading conditions

Li,

Ponnappan

2024

Smart Mater. Struct.

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4D printing technology empowers 3D printed structures to change shapes upon external stimulation. However, most studies did not consider recovery under loaded conditions. This paper introduces a mechanistic prediction model for forecasting recovery angles in 4D printing utilizing Shape Memory Polymer under various loads. The model integrates Neo-Hookean model to describe the non-linear stress-strain relationship with experimentally determined force density data to characterize polymer restoration properties under various loads. Validation was demonstrated by the recovery experiment of a 3D printed PLA-TPU composite structure loaded by means of a cord and pulley mechanism. The predictive outcomes exhibited reasonable agreement with experimental results, demonstrating a trend of more accurate forecasts as the applied load increased. The model can accommodate various active materials provided that the pertaining force density data is accessible. The predictive model supports the design, optimization and material selection for 4D printed structures to meet specific performance requirements.

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Functional applications of 4D printing: a review

Cited by 26 publications

References 119 publications

Recent Advances in the Additive Manufacturing of Stimuli‐Responsive Soft Polymers

Recent Advances in the Additive Manufacturing of Stimuli‐Responsive Soft Polymers

4D printing of porous PLA-TPU structures: effect of applied deformation, loading mode and infill pattern on the shape memory performance

Mechanistic prediction of folding angles in 4D printed shape memory polymers under varied loading conditions

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