Functional Biomarkers of Oral Cancer

Squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant type of oral malignancy and is a result of oral carcinogenesis. Oral carcinogenesis is a mutifactorial and complex process related to the sequential occurrence of alterations in genetic structures, promoting inhibitory or excitatory effects of the tumor oncogenes and gene suppressors, compromising the histophysiology of the division, differentiation and cell death; and therefore, methods to prevent, detect, or treat it in the best way is constantly being searched for. Biomarkers reveal the genetic and molecular changes related to early, intermediate and late endpoints in the process of oral carcinogenesis. Thereby, they are likely to not only refine our ability to predict the biologic course of oral cancer and distinguish individuals at high and/or low risk of oral cancer development; but, also they will also reveal the genetic and molecular changes related to various endpoints of oral carcinogenesis. Chemopreventives are chemicals of natural or synthetic origin, which reduce the incidence of fatal diseases such as cancer before clinical symptoms occur. Chemopreventives are agents whose curative capacity is defined with help of biomarkers, as the later determine the effectiveness and safety of chemopreventives.

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“…The inhibition of prostaglandins has been shown to be associated with the suppression of oral carcinogenesis. [ 18 26 27 28 29 ]…”

Section: Roles Of Cellular Biomarkersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarkers and chemopreventives in oral carcinogenesis and its prevention

Shah

Kaur

2014

J Oral Maxillofac Pathol

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“…Therefore, to improve patient quality of life, it is essential to develop sensitive and reliable biomarkers that predict aggressive HNSCC and eventually provide the most suitable (i.e., necessary and sufficient) treatment for each individual patient 3 . Unfortunately, there are currently few available biomarkers that satisfy these criteria 4 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand induces cell adhesion and integrin α2 expression via NF-κB in head and neck cancers

Yamada

Tsuda

Wagatsuma

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Cellular interactions with the extracellular matrix play critical roles in tumor progression. We previously reported that receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) specifically facilitates head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) progression in vivo. Here, we report a novel role for RANKL in the regulation of cell adhesion. Among the major type I collagen receptors, integrin α2 was significantly upregulated in RANKL-expressing cells, and its knockdown suppressed cell adhesion. The mRNA abundance of integrin α2 positively correlated with that of RANKL in human HNSCC tissues. We also revealed that RANK-NF-κB signaling mediated integrin α2 expression in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Interestingly, the amount of active integrin β1 on the cell surface was increased in RANKL-expressing cells through the upregulation of integrin α2 and endocytosis. Moreover, the RANK-integrin α2 pathway contributed to RANKL-dependent enhanced survival in a collagen gel and inhibited apoptosis in a xenograft model, demonstrating an important role for RANKL-mediated cell adhesion in three-dimensional environments.

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