Functional characterization of TNF-α in grass carp head kidney leukocytes: Induction and involvement in the regulation of NF-κB signaling

The impaired intestinal mucosal immune system by valine deficiency for young grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) is associated with decreasing immune status and regulating tight junction proteins transcript abundance in the intestine

“…Furthermore, production of cytokine could be involved in signaling pathway of nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) [13] and TOR [14]. In grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), NF-kB inhibition reduced the release of TNF-a in the head kidney leukocytes [15]. Besides, inhibition of mTOR caused an increase in TNF-a production and reduced the release of IL-10 in human [14].…”

Dietary choline regulates antibacterial activity, inflammatory response and barrier function in the gills of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

“…However, the information that choline affects cytokines of fish gills is scarce. It was reported that the production of cytokines were regulated by signaling pathway of target of rapamycin (TOR) [19] and nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) [20]. For instance, inhibition of TOR increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12 and decreased production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 [21].…”

Dual-parallel inhibition of IL-10 and TGF-β1 controls LPS-induced inflammatory response via NF-κB signaling in grass carp monocytes/macrophages

“…For example, tnfa mRNA level is markedly increased after a 1-h treatment of LPS in grass carp head kidney leukocytes and is also stimulated by Aeromonas hydrophila infection at 1-d post infection [18]. Similarly, the challenge with LPS or bacteria leads to the increase of illb, inos and il8 mRNA levels in different fish species [19e23].…”