“…The V brainstem complex (especially its subnucleus caudalis) may also receive afferent inputs from other cranial nerves such as VII, IX, X and XII, as well as from upper cervical nerves (Sessle, 2006). Functional coupling between the temporomandibular and the craniocervical motor systems have been suggested both at the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological levels (Valentino et al, 2002a;Browne et al, 1993). See Figs.…”