Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) are potent producers of alpha interferon (IFN-␣In this study, we demonstrate that peripheral blood PDC from healthy macaques are both phenotypically and functionally similar to human PDC and that reagents used for human studies can be used to study macaque PDC. Both human and macaque PBMC expressed IFN-␣ in response to herpes simplex virus (HSV), the prototypical activator of PDC, as measured by using an IFN bioassay and IFN-␣-specific enzyme-linked immunospot assays. Similar to human PDC, macaque PDC were identified by using flow cytometry as CD123 ؉ HLA-DR ؉ lineage ؊ cells. In addition, like human PDC, macaque PDC expressed intracellular IFN-␣, tumor necrosis factor alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein 1/CCL4, and IFN-inducible protein 10/CXCL10 upon stimulation with HSV, all as determined by intracellular flow cytometry. We found that IFN regulatory factor 7, which is required for the expression of IFN-␣ genes, was, similar to human PDC, expressed at high levels in macaque PDC compared to monocytes and CD8 ؉ T cells. These findings establish the phenotypic and functional similarity of human and macaque PDC and confirm the utility of tools developed for studying human PDC in this animal model.