“…Isolated with an in vitro process called Systematic Evolution of Ligand by EXponential enrichment, or SELEX (Ellington and Szostak, 1990, Tuerk and Gold, 1990, Beaudry and Joyce, 1992, Ellington and Szostak, 1992, Breaker et al, 1994), DNA/RNA aptamers and DNAzymes/ribozymes can be isolated to bind to a wide range of targets with high affinity and specificity, including metal ions, small molecules, protein and even virus or whole cell, making them one of the most versatile recognition elements (Lu and Liu, 2006, Navani and Li, 2006, Shangguan et al, 2006, Mok and Li, 2008, Li and Lu, 2009, Liu et al, 2009, Wu et al, 2010, Sai Lau and Li, 2011, Zhang et al, 2011, Ali et al, 2012, Torabi and Lu, 2014, Xiang and Lu, 2014, Shen et al, 2015). In addition to target-binding capability, DNAzymes can catalyze chemical reactions, the most common being hydrolysis of a phosphodiester bond (Breaker et al, 1994, Carmi et al, 1996, Santoro and Joyce, 1997, Carmi et al, 1998, Santoro and Joyce, 1998, Li et al, 2000, Carmi and Breaker, 2001, Brown et al, 2003, Liu et al, 2007, Brown et al, 2009, Torabi et al, 2015).…”