Functional Electrical Rehabilitation

Phillips, Carol A

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3096-0

Cited by 13 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Where soils have been eroded faster than pedogenesis (soil development) can produce new soil matter, truncation of average topsoil depth has been used by some scholars to estimate historical soil loss (e.g., Beach 1992;Kreznor et al 1992), although this method has been questioned. Some eroded soil will remain as stored sediment within small watersheds, often for long periods of time (Phillips 1991) and can be used to bracket soil-loss estimates. Finally, quantification can be attempted through careful modeling (Wischmeier 1976), such as with the USLE or the RUSLE.…”

Section: Sedimentation and Soil Loss In The Petexbatun Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Erosion, Slope Management, and Ancient Terracing in the Maya Lowlands

1994

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JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.A puzzling aspect of Prehispanic soil erosion and sedimentation in the Maya Lowlands is the variation noted between different regions. In the Petexbatun region of Guatemala, recent investigations indicate great variation in sedimentation rates between watersheds of digerent sizes. In some places, soil erosion was slowed by stone terraces, possibly in conjunction with other conservation methods. A review of the surheial geology and other data on terraces from across the Maya Lowlands indicates that variations in the form and distribution of ancient agricultural terracing was probably the result of environmental variability and population pressure largely during the Late Classic period.Un aspecto curioso de la erosion de tierra y la sedimentacion prehispanica en las tierras bajas mayas es la loariabilidad notada entre las diversas regiones. En la region de Petexbatun en Guatemala, las investigaciones recientes indican una gran variacion en la tasa de sedimentacion entre las cuencas de diferentes tamanos. En algunos lugares, la erosion del suelo fue reducida por medio del uso de terrazas de piedra, posiblemente en combinacion con otros metodos de conservacion. Se identihcaron tres tipos de terrazas agricolas en la region de Petexbatun: (1) terrazas con gradas en las pendientes de las colinas (algunas en forma de terrazas de caja y otras en forma de terraplenes de contorno), (2) grandes terrazas en la parte basal de las pendientes, y (3J dEques en pequenos barrancos. Un examen de la geologia superficial, ademas de los datos sobre las terrazas en las tierras bajas mayas, indica que las variaciones en la forma y la distribucion de terrazas antiguas probablemente resultaron de la variabilidad del medio ambiente y de presiones demograhcas que se presentaron en el periodo Clasico Tardio. En general, las regiones con pendientes graduales, roca madre horizontal, y con evidencia de asentamiento denso fueron areas donde los mayas construyeron varios tipos de terrazas agricolas. Por otro lado, las terrazas fueron raras en regiones con pendientes altas inclinadas, roca madre inclinada, o con asentamientos dispersos. That ancient Maya agriculture may have significantly increased soil erosion and that such erosion was at least partially checked in some areas through the use of stone terraces are hardly new ideas.Unfortunately studies of soil loss, sedimentation, and slope management in varzous regions of the Maya Lowlands have not often been effectively integrated-a situation that may be producing a somewhat distorted picture of these phenomena. Data recently obtained as part of the Petexbatun Regional Archaeological Project in Guatemala suggest that the relation among the three varzables is quite ...

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Section: Sedimentation and Soil Loss In The Petexbatun Regionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil Erosion, Slope Management, and Ancient Terracing in the Maya Lowlands

1994

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“…Investigations into the use of functional electrical stimulation (FES) as a possible treatment modality for gait in cerebral palsy (CP) have so far been limited in number and often lacking in objective outcome measures and analysis to corroborate reported observations. FES has proved to be successful in providing functional benefits in stroke patients (Liberson et al 1961, Waters et al 1975, Granat et al 1996, Burridge et al 1997) and patients with spinal cord injury (Kralj and Bajd 1989, Phillips 1991, Granat et al 1993. Studies on groups of children with CP have shown that electrical stimulation can be effective in improving range of movement (Hazlewood et al 1994), strengthening muscle (Laborde et al 1986), and reducing spasticity (Chan 1986, Pape et al 1988).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of functional electrical stimulation, applied during walking, on gait in spastic cerebral palsy

Postans¹,

Granat

2007

Developmental Medicine &Amp; Child Neurology

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This study investigated the effect of functional electrical stimulation (FES), applied during walking, on the gait of children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Eight children (five males, three females; mean age 13y 2mo, SD 2y 2m; range 8y 11mo to 17y 6mo) diagnosed with diplegic (n=6) or hemiplegic (n=2) spastic CP completed the study. All participants were ambulant. Core FES strategies based on common CP gait deviations were developed and tailored for each child. FES strategies for each child were evaluated in two separate test sessions. Effects of FES on gait were monitored with three‐dimensional motion analysis. Within each test session each child's gait was assessed when walking without FES (phase A) and with FES (phase B). An A‐B‐A‐B test sequence was employed allowing the effects of the withdrawal and reinstatement of FES to be assessed. All children performed 10 consecutive walks in each phase. Replication of this sequence on a separate day allowed the repeatability of the intervention to be evaluated. Outcome measures, including summary variables of kinematic data, temporal‐spatial variables, and mode of initial contact, were predefined for each child and targets for clinical significance were set for these outcome measures. Comparisons were performed between these targets and the actual outcomes. Consistent clinically significant improvements were recorded for three children: one child showed some improvement that was statistically significant but not clinically significant. Results for one child were mixed. There was no change in the remaining three children. Gait analysis proved to be a useful tool in both developing and determining the effectiveness of FES strategies.

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“…Within the spinal cord injury (SCI) population, this is illustrated by the development of orthotic and/or functional electrical stimulation (FES) interventions which have been based on the motion analysis of normal human gait. 1,2 To date the e ects of the application of an orthotic device based on the biomechanical analysis of the lateral transfer are yet to be reported in the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assisted reach and transfers in individuals with tetraplegia: towards a solution

Allison

Singer

1997

Spinal Cord

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the in¯uence of a prototype trunk orthosis to assist an individual with tetraplegia. A single case study (26 year old male, C5 motor complete) using an interrupted time series analysis was conducted to investigate the individual's ability to reach, forward and laterally, and transfer with and without the orthosis. All tasks were performed on an AMTI 1 force platform in the long sitting position, with landmarks of the trunk and limbs recorded using Peak Performances Technologies 1 motion analysis system. After a familiarisation period ten trials were attempted for each phase of the analysis. With the orthosis the subject altered the sitting posture and signi®cantly (F=9.55, P=0.003) increased the distance the subject was able to reach. The median frequency of the centre of pressure (COP) displacement during the reaching task was not signi®cantly altered. The ability to displace the COP when attempting to transfer increased from 16.0 (+3.4 cm) to 19.6 (+2.5 cm), however this was not statistically signi®cant. The likely user population, the overall functional bene®ts, the compliance of the users and possible modi®cations to the device to facilitate use with functional electrical stimulation are all possible directions for future research.

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Functional Electrical Rehabilitation

Cited by 13 publications

References 55 publications

Soil Erosion, Slope Management, and Ancient Terracing in the Maya Lowlands

Soil Erosion, Slope Management, and Ancient Terracing in the Maya Lowlands

Effect of functional electrical stimulation, applied during walking, on gait in spastic cerebral palsy

Assisted reach and transfers in individuals with tetraplegia: towards a solution

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