Functional genomics of life history variation in a butterfly metapopulation

Wheat, Christopher W.; Fescemyer, Howard W.; Kvist, Jouni; Tas, Éva; Vera, J. Cristobal; Frilander, Mikko J.; Hanski, Ilkka; Marden, James H.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05062.x

Cited by 65 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…At the level of genetic variation, new-population females have higher expression than old-population females of genes in the abdomen that are related to egg provisioning, which appear to be regulated by higher juvenile hormone titer and angiotensin-converting enzyme mRNA (43). These results support the organismal-level results on faster egg maturation in new-population females.…”

Section: Eco-evolutionary Dynamicssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Saastamoinen (42) has reported significant heritability of cagemeasured mobility for females, supporting the assumption that the difference in mobility between new-population and old-population butterflies is genetically determined. Flight metabolic rate, measured as CO 2 output of butterflies encouraged to fly in a metabolic chamber, is higher in new-population than in oldpopulation females (43,44), and flight metabolic rate is positively correlated with dispersal rate in the field (36). There are also significant differences in other life history traits of females from new vs. old populations, but these differences do not support the commonly assumed tradeoff between dispersal capacity and fecundity (45)(46)(47).…”

Section: Eco-evolutionary Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 61%

“…There are also significant differences in other life history traits of females from new vs. old populations, but these differences do not support the commonly assumed tradeoff between dispersal capacity and fecundity (45)(46)(47). On the contrary, new-population females mature eggs at a faster rate (43) and initiate reproduction at a younger age than old-population females (25). New-population females may, however, do worse than old-population females when the availability of adult resources is low (48,49).…”

Section: Eco-evolutionary Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Eco-evolutionary spatial dynamics in the Glanville fritillary butterfly

Hanski

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

163

240

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Demographic population dynamics, gene flow, and local adaptation may influence each other and lead to coupling of ecological and evolutionary dynamics, especially in species inhabiting fragmented heterogeneous environments. Here, I review long-term research on eco-evolutionary spatial dynamics in the Glanville fritillary butterfly inhabiting a large network of approximately 4,000 meadows in Finland. The metapopulation persists in a balance between frequent local extinctions and recolonizations. The genetic spatial structure as defined by neutral markers is much more coarse-grained than the demographic spatial structure determined by the fragmented habitat, yet small-scale spatial structure has important consequences for the dynamics. I discuss three examples of eco-evolutionary spatial dynamics. (i) Extinction-colonization metapopulation dynamics influence allele frequency changes in the phosphoglucose isomerase (Pgi) gene, which leads to strong associations between genetic variation in Pgi and dispersal, recolonization, and local population dynamics. (ii) Inbreeding in local populations increases their risk for extinction, whereas reciprocal effects between inbreeding, population size, and emigration represent likely eco-evolutionary feedbacks. (iii) Genetically determined female oviposition preference for two host plant species exhibits a cline paralleling a gradient in host plant relative abundances, and host plant preference of dispersing females in relation to the host plant composition of habitat patches influences immigration (gene flow) and recolonization (founder events). Ecoevolutionary spatial dynamics in heterogeneous environments may not lead to directional evolutionary changes unless the environment itself changes, but eco-evolutionary dynamics may contribute to the maintenance of genetic variation attributable to fluctuating selection in space and time.habitat loss and fragmentation | life history ecology | population age

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Section: Eco-evolutionary Dynamicssupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Eco-evolutionary Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Eco-evolutionary Dynamicsmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Eco-evolutionary spatial dynamics in the Glanville fritillary butterfly

Hanski

2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

163

240

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“…In the Glanville fritillary, female butterflies from newly established local populations (39,40) and from highly fragmented landscapes (28) have a higher flight metabolic rate than those from old local populations and from continuous landscapes. Flight metabolic rate is positively correlated with dispersal rate in the field (29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictable allele frequency changes due to habitat fragmentation in the Glanville fritillary butterfly

Fountain

Nieminen

Sirén

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Describing the evolutionary dynamics of now extinct populations is challenging, as their genetic composition before extinction is generally unknown. The Glanville fritillary butterfly has a large extant metapopulation in the Åland Islands in Finland, but declined to extinction in the nearby fragmented southwestern (SW) Finnish archipelago in the 20th century. We genotyped museum samples for 222 SNPs across the genome, including SNPs from candidate genes and neutral regions. SW Finnish populations had significantly reduced genetic diversity before extinction, and their allele frequencies gradually diverged from those in contemporary Åland populations over 80 y. We identified 15 outlier loci among candidate SNPs, mostly related to flight, in which allele frequencies have changed more than the neutral expectation. At outlier loci, allele frequencies in SW Finland shifted in the same direction as newly established populations deviated from old local populations in contemporary Åland. Moreover, outlier allele frequencies in SW Finland resemble those in fragmented landscapes as opposed to continuous landscapes in the Baltic region. These results indicate selection for genotypes associated with good colonization capacity in the highly fragmented landscape before the extinction of the populations. Evolutionary response to habitat fragmentation may have enhanced the viability of the populations, but it did not save the species from regional extinction in the face of severe habitat loss and fragmentation. These results highlight a potentially common situation in changing environments: evolutionary changes are not strong enough to fully compensate for the direct adverse effects of environmental change and thereby rescue populations from extinction.

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“…In most cases, the heritability estimates of these traits are low and their study requires the analysis under common conditions of progenies of wild genitors (rather than their direct study in the field), allowing disentangling environmental and genetic effects. In this context, gene expression studies can reveal adaptive mechanism, and the genetic basis of traits affecting fitness [32]. Furthermore, comparing the extent of quantitative genetic differences of phenotypic traits among populations could be assessed by the degree of differentiation in quantitative traits Q ST [33] that has been widely used to assess the relative contributions of selection to phenotypic traits divergence [34,35] and gene transcription profiles [36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%