Functional Imaging of Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Deckersbach, Thilo; Dougherty, Darin D.; Rauch, Scott L.

doi:10.1177/1051228405001474

Cited by 101 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 118 publications

(116 reference statements)

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“…A number of recent reviews on the topic have been published (27)(28)(29)(30)(31). To summarize, consistent with many neurobiologic theories of pathological fear and anxiety (32), most functional neuroimaging studies have found evidence of abnormal activity in frontal and limbic-paralimbic cortical areas in patients with a variety of anxiety disorders.…”

Section: Neuroimaging Studies Of Anxietymentioning

confidence: 91%

Anxiety, respiration, and cerebral blood flow: implications for functional brain imaging

Giardino

Friedman

Dager

2007

Comprehensive Psychiatry

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Brain functional imaging methods, such as fMRI, are sensitive to changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) that are normally associated with changes in regional neural activation. However, other endogenous and exogenous factors can alter CBF independently of brain neural activity, thus complicating the interpretation of functional imaging data. The presence of an anxiety disorder, as well as change in state anxiety, is often accompanied by respiratory alterations that affect arterial CO 2 tensions and produce significant changes in CBF that are independent of task-related neural activation. Therefore, the effects of trait and state anxiety need to be given close consideration in interpreting functional imaging findings. In this paper, we review the dependence of most brain functional imaging methods on localized changes in CBF and the potentially confounding effects of anxiety-related alterations of respiration on interpreting patterns of functional activation. Approaches for addressing for these effects are discussed.

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Section: Neuroimaging Studies Of Anxietymentioning

confidence: 91%

Anxiety, respiration, and cerebral blood flow: implications for functional brain imaging

Giardino

Friedman

Dager

2007

Comprehensive Psychiatry

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“…Some evidence suggests that lower pretreatment activity in the OFC predicts better response to serotonergic reuptake inhibitors [23,28,138,139] . Imaging studies showed that regional cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolic rates within the posterior cingulate cortex positively correlate with subsequent response to treatment with fluvoxamine [138] or cingulotomy [140] , respectively. Symptom provocation studies with PET [29] or with fMRI [114] have also shown increased brain activity within the anterior/lateral OFC and anterior cingulate cortex in OCD.…”

Section: Corticostriatal Pathophysiological Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Neuroimaging in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Casale

Kotzalidis²,

Rapinesi³

et al. 2011

Neuropsychobiology

184

111

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Background and Aim: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a severe, highly prevalent and chronically disabling psychiatric disorder that usually emerges during childhood or adolescence. This paper aims to review the literature on functional neuroimaging in OCD, analysing the reported dysfunctional connectivity in the corticostriatothalamocortical circuitry. Method: This study included papers published in peer-reviewed journals dealing with functional imaging in OCD. Results: Striatal dysfunction, mainly of the caudate nucleus, leads to inefficient thalamic gating, resulting in hyperactivity within the orbitofrontal cortex (intrusive thoughts) and the anterior cingulate cortex (non-specific anxiety). Compulsions consist of ritualistic behaviours performed to recruit the inefficient striatum and neutralise unwanted thoughts and anxiety. Functional neuroimaging findings are discussed against the background of specific cognitive impairments, mainly regarding visuospatial processing, executive functioning and motor speed. Cognitive deficits are partial and specific, matching imaging data. Conclusions: Several studies have targeted brain regions hypothesised to be involved in the pathogenesis of OCD, showing the existence of dysfunctional connectivity in the corticostriatothalamocortical circuitry. Improvements in spatial resolution of neuroimaging techniques may contribute to a better understanding of the neurocircuitry of OCD and other anxiety disorders.

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“…The standard anatomic model of OCD proposes that the symptoms of OCD are caused by dysfunction of elements of a PFC-basal ganglia-thalamic-PFC loop89–93 (Figure 4). The imaging findings presented above support that these structures are involved in OCD.…”

Section: Previous Models Of Ocdmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Psychological and Neuroanatomical Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Huey¹,

Zahn²,

Moll³

et al. 2008

Journal of Neuropsychiatry

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Imaging, surgical, and lesion studies suggest that the prefrontal cortex (orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortexes), basal ganglia, and thalamus are involved in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). On the basis of these findings several models of OCD have been developed, but have had difficulty fully integrating the psychological and neuroanatomical findings of OCD. Recent research in the field of cognitive neuroscience on the normal function of these brain areas demonstrates the role of the orbitofrontal cortex in reward, the anterior cingulate cortex in error detection, the basal ganglia in affecting the threshold for activation of motor and behavioral programs, and the prefrontal cortex in storing memories of behavioral sequences (called “structured event complexes” or SECs). The authors propose that the initiation of these SECs can be accompanied by anxiety that is relieved with completion of the SEC, and that a deficit in this process could be responsible for many of the symptoms of OCD. Specifically, the anxiety can form the basis of an obsession, and a compulsion can be an attempt to receive relief from the anxiety by repeating parts of, or an entire, SEC. The authors discuss empiric support for, and specific experimental predictions of, this model. The authors believe that this model explains the specific symptoms, and integrates the psychology and neuroanatomy of OCD better than previous models.

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Functional Imaging of Mood and Anxiety Disorders

Cited by 101 publications

References 118 publications

Anxiety, respiration, and cerebral blood flow: implications for functional brain imaging

Anxiety, respiration, and cerebral blood flow: implications for functional brain imaging

Functional Neuroimaging in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A Psychological and Neuroanatomical Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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