Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism

Tremaroli, Valentina; Bäckhed, Fredrik

doi:10.1038/nature11552

Cited by 3,708 publications

(2,704 citation statements)

References 85 publications

(92 reference statements)

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“…These enterotypes are driven by species composition and are not affected by gender, age or nationality [12]. However, this concept is much debated as the enterotypes are more gradient entities than discrete groupings among individuals [13]. Therefore, it is not possible to clearly define and classify the gut microbiota of each individual based on the enterotypes.…”

Section: The Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result of fermentation, SCFAs, mainly butyrate, acetate and propionate, are produced in the gut. They confer a number of health benefits on the host, such as acting as an energy source for colorectal tissues, stimulating cellular mechanisms that retain tissue integrity, contributing to the immune system and possibly having anti-inflammatory effects [3,13,44]. Furthermore, other organic acids such as formate, lactate and succinate, which are produced via fermentation of dietary fibres, lower the pH in the intestines and prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria [45].…”

Section: Important Dietary Components For the Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modulation of the gut microbiota by prebiotic fibres and bacteriocins

Umu

Rudi

Diep

2017

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

101

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The gut microbiota is considered an organ that co-develops with the host throughout its life. The composition and metabolic activities of the gut microbiota are subject to a complex interplay between the host genetics and environmental factors, such as lifestyle, diet, stress and antimicrobials. It is evident that certain prebiotics, and antimicrobials produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), can shape the composition of the gut microbiota and its metabolic activities to promote host health and/or prevent diseases. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the impact of prebiotic fibres, and bacteriocins from LAB, on the gut microbiota and its activities, which affect the physiology and health of the host. These represent two different mechanisms in modulating the gut microbiota, the first involving exploitative competition by which the growth of beneficial bacteria is promoted and the latter involving interference competition by which the growth of pathogens and other unwanted bacteria is prevented. For interference competition in the gut, bacteriocins offer special advantages over traditional antibiotics, in that they can be designed to act towards specific unwanted bacteria and other pathogens, without any remarkable collateral effects on beneficial microbes sharing the same niche.

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Section: The Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Important Dietary Components For the Gut Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of the gut microbiota by prebiotic fibres and bacteriocins

Umu

Rudi

Diep

2017

Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease

101

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The enhanced bacterial activity also resulted in higher SCFA (122) , which have been proposed as key regulatory metabolites in lipid metabolism (123) . This effect may be due to the cheese matrix rather than the casein per se.…”

Section: Long-term Studies On Lipidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can milk proteins be a useful tool in the management of cardiometabolic health? An updated review of human intervention trials

2016

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The prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases is a significant public health burden worldwide. Emerging evidence supports the inverse association between greater dairy consumption and reduced risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Dairy proteins may have an important role in the favourable impact of dairy on human health such as blood pressure (BP), blood lipid and glucose control. The purpose of this review is to update and critically evaluate the evidence on the impacts of casein and whey protein in relation to metabolic function. Evidence from short-term clinical studies assessing postprandial responses to milk protein ingestion suggests benefits on vascular function independent of BP, as well as improvement in glycaemic homeostasis. Long-term interventions have been less conclusive, with some showing benefits and others indicating a lack of improvement in vascular function. During chronic consumption BP appears to be lowered and both dyslipidaemia and hyperglacaemia seem to be controlled. Limited number of trials investigated the effects of dairy proteins on oxidative stress and inflammation. Although the underlying mechanisms of milk proteins on cardiometabolic homeostasis remains to be elucidated, the most likely mechanism is to improve insulin resistance. The incorporation of meals enriched with dairy protein in the habitual diet may result in the beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health. Nevertheless, future well-designed, controlled studies are needed to investigate the relative effects of both casein and whey protein on BP, vascular function, glucose homeostasis and inflammation.

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“…Nevertheless, the microbial distribution from the esophagus to the rectum varies spatially and temporally throughout the individual's lifespan. The normal gut microbiota carries out specific functions in host nutrient metabolism, xenobiotic and drug metabolism, structural integrity maintenance of the gut mucosal barrier, immunomodulation, and protection against pathogens 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Recently, the gut microbiome has been shown to play a crucial role in health, as well as in diseases such as obesity,16 inflammatory bowel disease,17, 18 diabetes,19, 20 non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease,21, 22, 23 and several types of cancers 24, 25.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the gut microbiome and esophageal cancer: Pathogenesis and potential clinical implications

Baba

Iwatsuki

Yoshida

et al. 2017

Annals of Gastroent Surgery

104

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Esophageal cancer ranks among the most aggressive malignant diseases. The limited improvements in treatment outcomes provided by conventional therapies have prompted us to seek innovative strategies for treating this cancer. More than 100 trillion microorganisms inhabit the human intestinal tract and play a crucial role in health and disease conditions, including cancer. The human intestinal microbiome is thought to influence tumor development and progression in the gastrointestinal tract by various mechanisms. For example, Fusobacterium nucleatum, which primarily inhabits the oral cavity and causes periodontal disease, might contribute to aggressive tumor behavior through activation of chemokines such as CCL20 in esophageal cancer tissue. Composition of the intestinal microbiota is influenced by diet, lifestyle, antibiotics, and pro‐ and prebiotics. Therefore, by better understanding how the bacterial microbiota contributes to esophageal carcinogenesis, we might develop novel cancer prevention and treatment strategies through targeting the gastrointestinal microflora. This review discusses the current knowledge, available data and information on the relationship of microbiota with esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

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Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism

Cited by 3,708 publications

References 85 publications

Modulation of the gut microbiota by prebiotic fibres and bacteriocins

Modulation of the gut microbiota by prebiotic fibres and bacteriocins

Can milk proteins be a useful tool in the management of cardiometabolic health? An updated review of human intervention trials

Review of the gut microbiome and esophageal cancer: Pathogenesis and potential clinical implications

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