Functional Materials for Fabrication of Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Cells: Ink Formulation and Its Effect on Solar Cell Performance

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have rapidly developed into one of the most attractive photovoltaic technologies, exceeding power conversion efficiencies of 25% and as the most promising technology to complement silicon-based solar cells. Among different types of PSCs, carbon-based, hole-conductor-free PSCs (C-PSCs), in particular, are seen as a viable candidate for commercialization due to the high stability, ease of fabrication, and low cost. This review examines strategies to increase charge separation, extraction, and transport properties in C-PSCs to improve the power conversion efficiency. These strategies include the use of new or modified electron transport materials, hole transport layers, and carbon electrodes. Additionally, the working principles of various printing techniques for the fabrication of C-PSCs are presented, as well as the most remarkable results obtained from each technique for small-scale devices. Finally, the manufacture of perovskite solar modules using scalable deposition techniques is discussed.

Advancements in Photovoltaic Cell Materials: Silicon, Organic, and Perovskite Solar Cells

“…Innovative fabrication methods, such as the electro-hydrodynamic spraying route inspired by the “Marangoni flow”, have enabled the production of perovskite thin-film solar cells with superior current–voltage characteristics [ 101 ]. This method not only enhances efficiency but also reduces lead wastage, addressing environmental concerns associated with PSCs.…”

“…This method not only enhances efficiency but also reduces lead wastage, addressing environmental concerns associated with PSCs. Pourjafari et al [ 101 ] focus on carbon-based, hole-conductor-free perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs), a promising candidate for commercial photovoltaic technology due to their high stability, ease of fabrication, and low cost. The authors explore various strategies to enhance charge separation, extraction, and transport in C-PSCs to improve power conversion efficiency.…”

“…Their efficiency, combined with the low cost of materials and potential for simple manufacturing processes, positions them as a strong candidate for future market expansion. As of April 2023, perovskite solar cells were transitioning from laboratory-scale research to pilot production and commercial trials [ 101 ]. However, they still represented a minor share of the global PV market, primarily due to lingering concerns over their long-term stability, the toxicity of lead-based perovskites, and the need for robust encapsulation techniques to ensure operational longevity.…”

The impact of moisture on the stability and degradation of perovskites in solar cells

“…Utilizing carbon as both the HTM and the top electrode can safeguard the device from moisture, leading to the development of an air-stable solar cell even in the absence of encapsulation. 172–174 To resolve the stability issue in carbon-based electrode, the inorganic HTMs such as NiO, 175–179 Al 2 O 3 , 180 CuSCN, 181–185 and Cu 2 O 186 have been investigated.…”