Functional morphology and physiology of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

Schelegle, Edward S.

doi:10.1002/ar.a.10004

Cited by 61 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This sympathoinhibitory effect is enhanced during slow, deep breathing [26]. SARs hyperpolarize and produce inhibitory impulses posthyperinflation [47] and SARs influence breathing pattern, heart rate, vascular resistance, and smooth muscle tone [48]. The mechanism by which SARs control these functions is not well understood [48].…”

Section: Influence Of Respiratory Rhythm On Olfactory Neuronal Firingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SARs hyperpolarize and produce inhibitory impulses posthyperinflation [47] and SARs influence breathing pattern, heart rate, vascular resistance, and smooth muscle tone [48]. The mechanism by which SARs control these functions is not well understood [48]. These inhibitory impulses may be the mechanism by which SARs influence the autonomic nervous and cardiovascular systems.…”

Section: Influence Of Respiratory Rhythm On Olfactory Neuronal Firingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Widespread depolarization during expiration: A source of respiratory drive?

Jerath¹,

Crawford²,

Barnes

et al. 2015

Medical Hypotheses

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a b s t r a c tRespiration influences various pacemakers and rhythms of the body during inspiration and expiration but the underlying mechanisms are relatively unknown. Understanding this phenomenon is important, as breathing disorders, breath holding, and hyperventilation can lead to significant medical conditions. We discuss the physiological modulation of heart rhythm, blood pressure, sympathetic nerve activity, EEG, and other changes observed during inspiration and expiration. We also correlate the intracellular mitochondrial respiratory metabolic processes with real-time breathing and correlate membrane potential changes with inspiration and expiration. We propose that widespread minor hyperpolarization occurs during inspiration and widespread minor depolarization occurs during expiration. This depolarization is likely a source of respiratory drive. Further knowledge of intracellular and extracellular ionic changes associated with respiration will enhance our understanding of respiration and its role as a modulator of cellular membrane potential. This could expand treatment options for a wide range of health conditions, such as breathing disorders, stress-related disorders, and further our understanding of the Hering-Breuer reflex and respiratory sinus arrhythmia.Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. IntroductionIn addition to gas exchange and oxygenation of the blood, respiration in the lungs can regulate multiple physiological processes throughout the body. Studies of the cardiovascular system, the peripheral nervous system, and the central nervous system provide evidence that respiratory patterns can exert a significant and immediate influence on a wide range of bodily functions, including changes in blood pressure and sympathovagal balance. Patterned respiration can regulate blood pressure and heart rate [1], as well as regulate rhythmic centers of the brain that control cardiovascular output [2,3]. While the majority of these findings have demonstrated the impact of respiration on cardiac output and other processes in isolated preparations, little work has focused on respiration's direct influence on membrane potential.This article reviews the current understanding of respiration as a regulator of cardiovascular physiology and nervous system function. More specifically, we discuss the role of respiratory rhythm and rate on both systemic and local control of these systems. We describe the role of pulmonary stretch receptors (with a focus on slowly adapting receptors) in converting breathing patterns into a functional, multi-faceted, mechanism that allows respiration to communicate with, and direct various aspects of cardiovascular and nervous system physiology. We propose a hypothesis in which inspiration and expiration are associated with transient increases and decreases in membrane potential that may underlie these widespread changes and how these membrane potential changes may underlie the chaotic dynamics of rhythmic breathing.Many studies focus on the brainstem as the primary modulator of resp...

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Section: Influence Of Respiratory Rhythm On Olfactory Neuronal Firingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Influence Of Respiratory Rhythm On Olfactory Neuronal Firingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Widespread depolarization during expiration: A source of respiratory drive?

Jerath¹,

Crawford²,

Barnes

et al. 2015

Medical Hypotheses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The loss-of-function evidence resulting from deletion of MLCK that caused almost complete abolishment of both physiological and asthmatic airway constriction clearly defines an essential role of MLCK in airway contraction. Moreover, as the knock-out mice displayed an alteration in breathing pattern with shorter inspirations and larger minute volumes compared with measurements from control mice, it appears that MLCK-mediated airway smooth muscle contraction could influence the breathing pattern as effectors of the pulmonary stretch reflex (44). Thus, relaxed airway smooth muscle may lead to reduced respiratory resistance and hence a quicker inspiration; however, the air in the lung is not dispelled efficiently without contraction, resulting in a larger minute volume.…”

Section: Ca 2ϩmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myosin Light Chain Kinase Is Necessary for Tonic Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction

Zhang

Peng

Zhang

et al. 2010

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Different interacting signaling modules involving Ca2؉ / calmodulin-dependent myosin light chain kinase, Ca 2؉ -independent regulatory light chain phosphorylation, myosin phosphatase inhibition, and actin filament-based proteins are proposed as specific cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of smooth muscle contraction. However, the relative importance of specific modules is not well defined. By using tamoxifen-activated and smooth muscle-specific knock-out of myosin light chain kinase in mice, we analyzed its role in tonic airway smooth muscle contraction. Knock-out of the kinase in both tracheal and bronchial smooth muscle significantly reduced contraction and myosin phosphorylation responses to K ؉ -depolarization and acetylcholine. Kinase-deficient mice lacked bronchial constrictions in normal and asthmatic airways, whereas the asthmatic inflammation response was not affected. These results indicate that myosin light chain kinase acts as a central participant in the contractile signaling module of tonic smooth muscle. Importantly, contractile airway smooth muscles are necessary for physiological and asthmatic airway resistance.

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“…The stimulation of phasic SARs starts with inspiration and is maintained until peak inspiration is reached. The discharge of tonic SARs is linearly related to the total lung volume, which implies comparable stimulation during on-going inspiration and on-going expiration, highest stimulation at peak inspiration and lowest stimulation at peak expiration [58,59]. Because we observed higher startle response magnitudes during on-going expiration when compared with all other time points, the explanation for this result may lie in a process that is specific for the midpoint during expiration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

Respiratory modulation of startle eye blink: a new approach to assess afferent signals from the respiratory system

Schulz

Schilling

Vögele

et al. 2016

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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One contribution of 16 to a theme issue 'Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health'. Current approaches to assess interoception of respiratory functions cannot differentiate between the physiological basis of interoception, i.e. visceralafferent signal processing, and the psychological process of attention focusing. Furthermore, they typically involve invasive procedures, e.g. induction of respiratory occlusions or the inhalation of CO 2 -enriched air. The aim of this study was to test the capacity of startle methodology to reflect respiratoryrelated afferent signal processing, independent of invasive procedures. Forty-two healthy participants were tested in a spontaneous breathing and in a 0.25 Hz paced breathing condition. Acoustic startle noises of 105 dB(A) intensity (50 ms white noise) were presented with identical trial frequency at peak and on-going inspiration and expiration, based on a new pattern detection method, involving the online processing of the respiratory belt signal. The results show the highest startle magnitudes during on-going expiration compared with any other measurement points during the respiratory cycle, independent of whether breathing was spontaneous or paced. Afferent signals from slow adapting phasic pulmonary stretch receptors may be responsible for this effect. This study is the first to demonstrate startle modulation by respiration. These results offer the potential to apply startle methodology in the non-invasive testing of interoception-related aspects in respiratory psychophysiology.This article is part of the themed issue 'Interoception beyond homeostasis: affect, cognition and mental health'.

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Functional morphology and physiology of slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors

Cited by 61 publications

References 54 publications

Widespread depolarization during expiration: A source of respiratory drive?

Widespread depolarization during expiration: A source of respiratory drive?

Myosin Light Chain Kinase Is Necessary for Tonic Airway Smooth Muscle Contraction

Respiratory modulation of startle eye blink: a new approach to assess afferent signals from the respiratory system

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