Functional morphology in the pages of the <i>AJPA</i>

Ruff, Christopher B.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.23402

Cited by 7 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 255 publications

(292 reference statements)

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“…femoral bicondylar angle, Johanson and Taieb, 1976; femoral neck cortical distribution, Ruff and Higgins, 2013; short and wide pelvis, Lovejoy et al, 2009). Leveraging a model adopted from human orthopaedic biomechanics, Lovejoy and colleagues (Heiple and Lovejoy, 1971;Lovejoy et al, 1973) were the first to estimate forces exerted on the proximal femur of early hominins during walking (Ruff, 2018). This highly influential work modelled the midstance of walking based on standing on one foot as established by Frankel and Burstein (1970) and also developed by McLeish and Charnley (1970).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle forces and the demands of human walking

2021

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Reconstructing the locomotor behavior of extinct animals depends on elucidating the principles that link behavior, function, and morphology, which can only be done using extant animals. Within the human lineage, the evolution of bipedalism represents a critical transition, and evaluating fossil hominins depends on understanding the relationship between lower limb forces and skeletal morphology in living humans. As a step toward that goal, here we use a musculoskeletal model to estimate forces in the lower limb muscles of ten individuals during walking. The purpose is to quantify the consistency, timing, and magnitude of these muscle forces during the stance phase of walking. We find that muscles which act to support or propel the body during walking demonstrate the greatest force magnitudes as well as the highest consistency in the shape of force curves among individuals. Muscles that generate moments in the same direction as, or orthogonal to, the ground reaction force show lower forces of greater variability. These data can be used to define the envelope of load cases that need to be examined in order to understand human lower limb skeletal load bearing.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle forces and the demands of human walking

2021

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“…The principles of bone functional adaptation have been applied to the archaeological and fossil record mainly by studying variation in the cross-sectional shape of long bone diaphyses and internal microstructure (Ruff, 2008(Ruff, , 2018. Variation in diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry has been studied by anthropologists to investigate long-term evolutionary trends (Churchill, 1994;Pearson, 1997;Trinkaus and Ruff, 2012) as well as differences in habitual activity within and between populations (Ruff and Hayes, 1983;Shaw and Stock, 2009 b;Sparacello et al, 2011;Stock et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trabecular bone functional adaptation and sexual dimorphism in the human foot

Saers

Ryan

Stock

2018

American J Phys Anthropol

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Objectives: Trabecular bone adapts to the strains placed upon the skeleton during life.Anthropological research has largely focused on linking variation in primate trabecular bone to locomotor mode, to provide a context for interpreting fossil morphology. However, intraspecific variation and its underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. Trabecular bone is influenced by a variety of factors including body mass, age, diet, temperature, genetics, sex, and behaviour. Before trabecular structure can be used to infer habitual behaviour in the past, the effects of these factors need to be understood. In this paper we examine variation in trabecular structure in the human foot in four archaeological groups in relation to inferred levels of terrestrial mobility and sex. Materials and methods:We use high-resolution µCT scanning to examine variation in trabecular structure in the human calcaneus, talus, and first metatarsal in two relatively mobile and two relatively sedentary archaeological groups. Results:The four population samples show similar patterns of trabecular variation throughout the foot, influenced by mechanical loading. Greater inferred terrestrial mobility is associated with greater This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This is the author manuscript accepted for publication and has undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article as

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“…A principal research focus within biological anthropology is interpreting skeletal variation within the context of behavioural diversity, including variation in diet, disease processes and activity patterns among living and extinct primates, including humans and hominins [1][2][3][4]. Locomotor behaviour and musculoskeletal morphology have been a central focus of this area of inquiry because locomotion provides primates with access to key evolutionary resources including food, shelter and mates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…deformation) of solid materials when subjected to forces [8,9]. Lovejoy and colleagues [10][11][12][13] were early adopters within anthropology of both Newtonian mechanics and solid continuum mechanics [4]. Newtonian mechanics is routinely used by anthropologists to investigate a variety of questions (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of musculoskeletal modelling of human locomotion

2021

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Locomotion through the environment is important because movement provides access to key resources, including food, shelter and mates. Central to many locomotion-focused questions is the need to understand internal forces, particularly muscle forces and joint reactions. Musculoskeletal modelling, which typically harnesses the power of inverse dynamics, unites experimental data that are collected on living subjects with virtual models of their morphology. The inputs required for producing good musculoskeletal models include body geometry, muscle parameters, motion variables and ground reaction forces. This methodological approach is critically informed by both biological anthropology, with its focus on variation in human form and function, and mechanical engineering, with a focus on the application of Newtonian mechanics to current problems. Here, we demonstrate the application of a musculoskeletal modelling approach to human walking using the data of a single male subject. Furthermore, we discuss the decisions required to build the model, including how to customize the musculoskeletal model, and suggest cautions that both biological anthropologists and engineers who are interested in this topic should consider.

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Functional morphology in the pages of the AJPA

Cited by 7 publications

References 255 publications

Muscle forces and the demands of human walking

Muscle forces and the demands of human walking

Trabecular bone functional adaptation and sexual dimorphism in the human foot

A review of musculoskeletal modelling of human locomotion

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